比特币在各国或地区的合法性
加密货币的法律地位因司法管辖区的不同而有很大差异,并且在许多地方仍未定义或正在变化中。在大多数国家中,使用加密货币本身并不违法,但其作为支付手段(或商品)的地位和可用性各不相同,具有不同的监管影响。
一些国家明确允许其使用和交易,而另一些国家则禁止或限制其使用。同样,各种政府机构、部门和法院对加密货币的分类也有所不同。
在各国家或地区的细节
联盟国家
非洲
北非
西非
东非和中非
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
坦桑尼亚 | ![]() ![]() 尽管未正式禁止,坦桑尼亚央行建议不要使用加密货币,强调坦桑尼亚先令是唯一被接受的法定货币。 |
中非共和国 | ![]() 在2022年4月22日,中非共和国议会通过了一项加密货币法案,该法案于4月27日正式颁布,使比特币成为该国的法定货币。然而在2023年4月,中非共和国同意废除将比特币作为法定货币的决定。 |
东南非 / 非洲之角 / 印度洋国家
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
毛里求斯 | ![]() 毛里求斯金融服务委员会将加密货币视为《2007年金融服务法》下的数字资产进行监管,并警告投资者,他们不受任何法定赔偿协议的保护,但加密货币在毛里求斯是合法的。 |
南部非洲
美洲
北美
中美洲
加勒比地区
南美
亚洲
中亚
西亚
南亚
东亚
东南亚
欧洲
中欧
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
奥地利 | ![]() 收入不被视为官方货币形式,受税法约束。 金融市场管理局(FMA)警告投资者,加密货币是有风险的,FMA不监督或监管虚拟货币,包括比特币或加密货币交易平台。 |
克罗地亚 | ![]() 克罗地亚金融稳定委员会于2017年12月18日警告投资者注意虚拟货币的风险,例如数字钱包盗窃和欺诈。克罗地亚国家银行于2017年9月22日发出了类似的警告。 |
捷克共和国 | ![]() 购买、出售、存储、管理或调解购买或出售虚拟货币或提供类似服务的企业和个人必须遵守反洗钱法。 出于会计和税收目的,比特币被归类为无形资产(而不是电子货币)。 |
德国 | ![]() 2013 年 8 月 19 日,德国财政部宣布,比特币现在本质上是一种“记账单位”,可用于该国的税收和交易目的,这意味着用比特币进行的购买必须像欧元交易一样缴纳增值税。据该部称,它不被归类为外币或电子货币,而是“私人货币”,可用于“多边清算圈”。 德国央行表示,比特币不是虚拟货币或数字货币。它建议使用术语“加密令牌”。 2019 年 11 月,德国议会通过了一项立法,允许银行从 2020 年 1 月 1 日起出售和存储加密货币。 |
匈牙利 | ![]() 匈牙利中央银行Magyar Nemzeti银行(MNB)对加密货币发出了几次警告,称它比信用卡等其他电子支付“风险大得多”。 |
直布罗陀 | ![]() 早在 2018 年,直布罗陀就成为世界上第一个为使用分布式账本技术的企业提供量身定制的监管框架的国家。 旅行规则是通过 2021 年《2015 年犯罪收益法(虚拟资产转让)条例》实施的,自 2021 年 3 月 22 日起生效。 |
波兰 | ![]() 在波兰,目前尚未有法律法规对比特币的使用进行正式的监管。2013年12月18日,波兰财政部的Szymon Woźniak在华沙经济学院的一次会议上发表了关于比特币合法性的官方声明,表示财政部不认为比特币是非法的,并且不希望阻碍其发展。他澄清说,虽然比特币不是非法的,但也不能被视为法定货币,在欧盟指令的背景下,它也不是电子货币。截至2015年1月27日,一些银行关闭了交易比特币的客户账户,并以“犯罪行为的推定”作为原因,其中“犯罪行为”可能是指“加密货币交易”。 截至2017年7月7日,波兰国家银行(NBP)和金融监管局(KNF)就虚拟“货币”发表了评论。他们强调,虚拟货币(包括比特币):(1)不是由中央银行发行或保证的,(2)不是货币,即它们既不是法定货币也不是通货,(3)不能用于支付税务义务,(4)在购物和服务点中不符合普遍接受的标准,(5)不是电子货币,(6)不是支付服务(在法律上),(7)不是金融工具(在法律上)。他们补充说,在波兰交易虚拟货币并不违反国家或欧盟法律,但拥有虚拟“货币”涉及许多风险:(1)由于盗窃可能导致资金损失的风险,(2)缺乏保障的风险,(3)普遍接受性缺乏的风险,(4)欺诈可能性的风险,(5)价格波动风险高的风险。因此,波兰国家银行和金融监管局警告公众不要购买虚拟货币或投资其中,金融机构在与虚拟货币“交易”实体进行接触和合作时应谨慎。 |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() As of March 2015, an official statement of the Romanian National Bank mentioned that "using digital currencies as payment has certain risks for the financial system".[1] In October 2017, the National Fiscal Administration Agency (ANAF) declared that there is a lack of a legislative framework around bitcoin, and therefore, it is unable to create a tax regulation framework for it as well (implying no taxation).[2] In January 2019, Law nr. 30/2019 clarifies that starting in 2019, income from trading "virtual currency" is classified under "income from other sources". In addition, there is a new subpoint, Article 116. (2) c), specifying that the income tax of 10% is only applied on the "positive difference between the selling price and acquisition price" (and not to the entire received amount from a sale). In addition, profits under 200 RON per transaction that total under 600 RON during a fiscal year are exempt from tax.[3] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The National Bank of Slovakia (NBS), stated[4] that bitcoin does not have the legal attributes of a currency, and therefore it cannot be considered a currency.模板:Refn European legislation, including the Slovak law, does not define the activities associated with virtual currency. Such activities are not regulated and supervised by the National Bank of Slovakia or the European Central Bank. At the same time NBS points out that any legal person or natural person in the Slovak Republic shall not issue any notes or any other coins. Unlawful manufacturing of banknotes and coins and putting them into circulation is punishable by law. In this context, NBS points out that virtual currencies have not a physical counterpart in the form of legal tender and participation in such a scheme (virtual currency) is at your own risk. Exchanges or purchases of virtual currencies represent the business risk of investors and investors' money are not protected. For any compensation of losses caused by such exchanges or purchases there is no legal entitlement. |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() On 23 December 2013 the Slovenian Ministry of Finance made an announcement[5] stating that bitcoin is neither a currency nor an asset. There is no capital gains tax chargeable on bitcoin, however bitcoin mining is taxed and businesses selling goods/services in bitcoin are also taxed. |
![]() Bitcoin businesses in Switzerland are subject to anti-money laundering regulations and in some instances may need to obtain a banking license.[6] On 5 December 2013, a proposal was put forth by 45 members of the Swiss Parliament for digital sustainability (Pardigli), that calls on the Swiss government to evaluate the opportunities for utilization of bitcoin by the country's financial sector.[7] It also seeks clarification on bitcoin's legal standing with respect to VAT, securities and anti-money laundering laws.[8] In response to the parliament postulates, the Swiss Federal Council issued a report on virtual currencies in June 2014.[9] The report states that since virtual currencies are not in a legal vacuum, the Federal Council has concluded that there is no need for legislative measures to be taken at the moment. In 2016, Zug added bitcoin as a means of paying city fees, in a test and an attempt to advance Zug as a region that is advancing future technologies.[10] Swiss Federal Railways, government-owned railway company of Switzerland, sells bitcoins at its ticket machines.[11] In 2018, FINMA stated that it would take a "balanced approach" towards the cryptocurrency industry and allow "legitimate innovators to navigate the regulatory landscape". By June 2021, a record number of 100 Exchange Traded Products (ETP) and crypto structured products were offered on the SIX Swiss Exchange with a total trading value of CHF 4.6 billion.[12] |
西欧
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
![]() On 21 May 2020, Albania passed a new law to regulate cryptocurrency activities.[13] | |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The Decree On the Development of Digital Economy — the decree of Alexander Lukashenko, the President of the Republic of Belarus, which includes measures to liberalize the conditions for conducting business in the sphere of high technologies. The provisions of the decree "On the Development of Digital Economy" create of a legal basis for the circulation of digital currencies and tokens based on blockchain technology, so that resident companies of the High-Tech Park can provide the services of stock markets and exchange offices with cryptocurrencies and attract financing through the ICO. For legal entities, the Decree confers the rights to create and place their own tokens, carry out transactions through stock markets and exchange operators; to individuals the Decree gives the right to engage in mining, to own tokens, to acquire and change them for Belarusian rubels, foreign currency and electronic money, and to bequeath them. Up to 1 Jan In 2023, the Decree excludes revenue and profits from operations with tokens from the taxable base. In relation to individuals, the acquisition and sale of tokens is not considered entrepreneurial activity, and the tokens themselves and income from transactions with them are not subject to declaration. The peculiarity of the introduced regulation is that all operations will have to be carried out through the resident companies of the High-Tech Park. In addition, the decree includes:
|
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() Based on the public decision issued by the Ministry of Finance of Georgia in 2019,[14] crypto, by its very nature, is not "sourced" in any specific geographical location, meaning that it is not considered "Georgian sourced". This type of income would come under the 0% tax on capital gains derived from crypto trading laws.模板:Citation needed |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() In January 2022, coinciding with an energy crisis, Kosovo outlawed all cryptocurrency mining. According to BBC News, cryptocurrency mining "is particularly popular in northern areas of Kosovo, where ethnic Serbs do not recognise the state's independence and refuse to pay electricity bills".[16] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() ![]() On December 11, 2020, Vladimir Putin ordered public officials to declare any cryptocurrency holdings and digital assets starting from January 1, 2021.[17] As of 2021, Putin said Russia accepts the role of cryptocurrencies, and that cryptocurrencies can be used for payment.[18] As of November 2016, bitcoins were "not 不合法" according to the Federal Tax Service of Russia.[19] Deputy Finance Minister of the Russian Federation Alexei Moiseev said in September 2017 it's "probably 不合法" to accept cryptocurrency payments.[20] However, bitcoin market sites are blocked, and court decisions state that bitcoin is a currency surrogate which is outlawed in the territory of the Russian Federation.[21] From the point of view of the current Russian legislation, cryptocurrency is a monetary substitute. According to article 27 of the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)", the issue of monetary surrogates in the Russian Federation is prohibited.[22] The Central Bank of Russia and Rosfinmonitoring in their informational appeals have repeatedly warned Russian citizens that all operations with cryptocurrency are speculative and carry a high risk of loss of value. The Central Bank of Russia states that: "Most operations with cryptocurrencies are performed outside the legal regulation of both the Russian Federation and most other states. Cryptocurrencies are not guaranteed or provided by the Bank of Russia."[23] A bill on digital financial assets was introduced in the State Duma on 20 March 2018. It defines cryptocurrency mining as "activities aimed at the creation of cryptocurrency with the purpose of receiving compensation in the form of cryptocurrency." and treats it as an "entrepreneurial activity subject to taxation if the miner exceeds the energy consumption limits established by the government for three months in a row." In the bill, bitcoins are classified as property and are not considered legal tender. The exchange of cryptocurrency for roubles and foreign currency is allowed but only through licensed operators. The bill also provides a definition of a smart contract.模板:Citation needed In January 2022, the Central Bank of Russia proposed to ban "all cryptocurrency issuance and operations, stop banks from investing in cryptocurrencies, block exchanging crypto for traditional currency, and introduce legal liability for using crypto in purchases" citing systemic financial risk.[24] According to Bloomberg News and Meduza, the Federal Security Service convinced the Central Bank to ban cryptocurrencies in Russia, as they are used to finance the opposition and independent media.[25][26] In February 2022, the Russian government eventually announced it would support, legalize, and regulate cryptocurrencies, and not ban them.[27] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() ![]() On 16 March 2022, the president of Ukraine signed the Virtual Asset Bill into law.[28] On 22 April, the Central Bank banned purchasing cryptocurrencies with local currency and made the monthly limit of $3300 for purchases with foreign currencies.[29] |
北欧
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() Denmark's Financial Supervisory Authority issued a statement declaring that bitcoin is not a currency and stating that it will not regulate its use.模板:R On 17 December 2013, Denmark's Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) has issued a statement that echoes EBA's warning. 模板:As of, FSA says that doing business with bitcoin does not fall under its regulatory authority and therefore FSA does not prevent anyone from opening such businesses.[30] FSA's chief legal adviser says that Denmark might consider amending existing financial legislation to cover virtual currencies.[31] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() In Estonia, the use of bitcoins is not regulated or otherwise controlled by the government.模板:R The Estonian Ministry of Finance have concluded that there is no legal obstacles to use bitcoin-like crypto currencies as payment method. Traders must therefore identify the buyer when establishing a business relationship or if the buyer acquires more than 1,000 euros of the currency in a month.[32] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The Finnish Tax Administration has issued instructions for the taxation of virtual currencies, including the bitcoin.模板:R[33] Rather than a currency or a security, a bitcoin transaction is considered a private contract equivalent to a contract for difference for tax purposes. Purchases of goods with bitcoin or conversion of bitcoin into legal currency "realizes" the value and any increase in price will be taxable; however, losses are not tax-deductible. Mined bitcoin is considered earned income.[33] Ruling 034/2014 by the Finnish Central Board of Taxes (CBT) stated that commission fees charged on bitcoin purchases by an exchange market were, under the EU VAT Directive, banking services and therefore VAT exempt. This is because the court classified bitcoins as payment instruments - whereas most countries treat their use as an unregulated method for the exchange of goods, or even as a crime.[34][35] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() According to a 2014 opinion, from the Central Bank of Iceland "there is no authorization to purchase foreign currency from financial institutions in Iceland or to transfer foreign currency across borders on the basis of transactions with virtual currency. For this reason alone, transactions with virtual currency are subject to restrictions in Iceland."[36] This does not stop[37] businesses in Iceland from mining bitcoins.[38] The Icelandic Central Bank confirmed that "it is prohibited to engage in foreign exchange trading with the electronic currency bitcoin, according to the Icelandic Foreign Exchange Act".[39] On 12 March 2017, the Central Bank amended its rules. With the new rules, wide and general exemptions have been granted from the restrictions of the Foreign Exchange Act No. 87/1992.[40] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() Bank of Lithuania released a warning on 31 January 2014, that bitcoin is not recognized as legal tender in Lithuania and that bitcoin users should be aware of the high risks that come with the usage of it.[41] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The Norwegian Tax Administration stated in December 2013 that they do not define bitcoin as money but regard it as an asset. Profits are subjected to wealth tax. In business, use of bitcoin falls under the sales tax regulation.[42] The Norwegian government stated in February 2017 that they would not levy VAT on the purchase or sale of bitcoin.[43] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The Swedish Tax Agency has given a preliminary ruling on Value Added Tax (VAT) on bitcoins, stating that trade in bitcoins is not subject to Swedish VAT, but is instead subject to the Finansinspektionen (Financial Supervisory Authority) regulations and treated as a currency. The decision has been appealed by the Swedish Tax Authority.模板:R The Swedish jurisdiction is in general quite favorable for bitcoin businesses and users as compared to other countries within the EU and the rest of the world. The governmental regulatory and supervisory body Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority (Finansinspektionen) have legitimized the fast growing industry by publicly proclaiming bitcoin and other digital currencies as a means of payment. For certain businesses interacting with fiat (mainly exchanges) the current regulation dictates that an application for approval/license must be filed and all the AML/CTF and KYC regulations applicable to more traditional financial service providers must be followed. |
南欧
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() No regulation on the use of bitcoins. |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() There is not a single word in Bulgarian laws about bitcoin. People owe 10% tax if they made a profit trading. |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The use of bitcoin is not regulated in Cyprus.模板:R |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() No specific legislation on bitcoins exists in Greece.模板:R |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() Italy does not regulate bitcoin use by private individuals.模板:R |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() 模板:As of, Malta does not have any regulations specifically pertaining to bitcoins.模板:R In 2017, the country's prime minister Joseph Muscat announced the approval of a national strategy to promote bitcoin and blockchain technology. Muscat specifically addressed the bitcoin blockchain's ability to handle, store and process sensitive data in an immutable and decentralized ecosystem.[44] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() No specific legislation on bitcoins or cryptocurrency exists in North Macedonia. In 2016, the National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia published a press release regarding an investigation it made into ONECOIN, and discouraged the citizens from investing in it since it was most likely a scam. In the same press release, the NBRM quoted the law on Foreign Exchange Operations, but since cryptocurrencies do not constitute a foreign currency as they are quoted by the law, it leaves them unregulated.[45] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() In 2013, the Bank of Portugal stated that Bitcoin was not a safe currency, as their issuance lacked oversight or prudential requirements. As of 2014, Portugal had no specific legal framework for Bitcoin. 模板:R |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() Transactions in bitcoins are subject to the same laws as barter transactions.模板:R |
西欧
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() In July 2013, the Minister of Finance expressed concerns over the use of Bitcoin for money laundering, but indicated that government intervention did not yet appear necessary.模板:R |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | ![]() The French Ministry of Finance issued regulations on 11 July 2014 pertaining to the operation of virtual currency professionals, exchanges, and taxation.[46] |
模板:Flag模板:Anchor | Not regulated by central bank
The Central Bank of Ireland was quoted in Dáil Éireann in December 2013 as stating that it does not regulate bitcoin, and that bitcoin is not legal tender in the European Union.模板:R |
![]() The Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier has issued a communication in February 2014 acknowledging the status of currency to the bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.[47] The first BitLicence was issued in October 2015.[48] | |
![]() 模板:As of, "alternative virtual currencies" such as bitcoin are not classified as money and do not fall within the scope of the Act on Financial Supervision of the Netherlands.模板:R When dealing with cryptocurrencies one must declare them and pay taxes to the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration.[49] | |
![]() 模板:As of, the government of the United Kingdom has stated that bitcoin is unregulated and that it is treated as a 'foreign currency' for most purposes, including VAT/GST.模板:R Bitcoin is treated as 'private money'. When bitcoin is exchanged for sterling or for foreign currencies, such as euro or dollar, no VAT will be due on the value of the bitcoins themselves. However, in all instances, VAT will be due in the normal way from suppliers of any goods or services sold in exchange for bitcoin or other similar cryptocurrency. Profits and losses on cryptocurrencies are subject to capital gains tax.[50] In March 2022, the Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) declared that all cryptocurrency ATMs in the country were 不合法, as none of the ATM's operators had successfully registered with the agency. The FCA cited a failure to comply with know your customer laws, as well as the high risk to customers, due to a lack of regulation and protection.[51][52] |
大洋洲
Australasia
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
![]() In December 2013, the governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia (RBA) indicated in an interview about bitcoin 合法性 stating, "There would be nothing to stop people in this country deciding to transact in some other currency in a shop if they wanted to. There's no law against that, so we do have competing currencies."[53] Beginning in April 2018, Australian digital currency exchanges must register with the Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre and implement "know your customer" policies to comply with new anti-money laundering legislation.[54] | |
![]() The Reserve Bank of New Zealand states: "Non-banks do not need our approval for schemes that involve the storage and/or transfer of value (such as 'bitcoin') – so long as they do not involve the issuance of physical circulating currency (notes and coins)."模板:R |
Melanesia
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
![]() Prime Minister Sitiveni Rabuka is a proponent of cryptocurrencies and has even planned to make bitcoin legal tender as soon as 2023. | |
![]() The government officially supports the use of blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies.[55] | |
![]() Legalised in 2021.[56] |
Micronesia
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
![]() Decentralised autonomous organisations (DAOs), which are blockchain-based, are considered legal entities in the Marshall Islands. | |
![]() The use of cryptocurrencies is officially supported by the government.[57] |
Polynesia
国家或地区 | 合法性 |
---|---|
![]() The use of cryptocurrencies in Samoa is legal but discouraged by the Central Bank of Samoa.模板:Citation needed | |
![]() Tonga plans to make bitcoin legal tender by the end of 2023. This has been planned since late 2021.[58] |
参考链接
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ "Schweizer Börse kotiert bereits das hundertste Kryptoprodukt" 模板:Webarchive (in German). Tages Anzeiger (Wirtschaft). Retrieved 11 June 2021.
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Putin Says He Accepts Crypto’s Role in Making Payments 模板:Webarchive, Bloomberg News, 14 October 2021, retrieved 15 October 2021.
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Ukraine legalizes crypto sector as digital currency donations continue to pour in 模板:Webarchive, 17 March 2022
- ↑ Ukraine's central bank is banning bitcoin purchases made with the hyrvnia to prevent capital from fleeing the war-ravaged country 模板:Webarchive, 22 April 2022
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 33.0 33.1 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ Saleha Mohsin (13 December 2013) Bitcoins Fail Currency Test in Scandinavia’s Richest Nation 模板:Webarchive Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 December 2013
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。
- ↑ 脚本错误:没有“citation/CS1”这个模块。