比特币在各国或地区的合法性:修订间差异

来自币圈维基百科
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加密货币的法律地位因司法管辖区的不同而有很大差异,并且在许多地方仍未定义或正在变化中。在大多数国家中,使用加密货币本身并不违法,但其作为支付手段(或商品)的地位和可用性各不相同,具有不同的监管影响。
[[文件:Legal status of bitcoin.png|缩略图|
{| class="wikitable"
|+
!<big>比特币的法律地位</big>
|-
|<big>'''法定货币'''<sup>橙色</sup></big>
|-
|<big>'''允许'''(合法使用比特币)<sup>绿色</sup></big>
|-
|<big>'''有争议'''(对比特币的合法使用有一些限制)<sup>黄色</sup></big>
|-
|<big>'''有争议'''(基于现有法律的解释,但不直接禁止比特币)<sup>粉色</sup></big>
|-
|<big>'''禁止'''(全部或部分禁止)<sup>红色</sup></big>
|-
|<big>没有数据<sup>灰色</sup></big>
|}
]]加密货币的法律地位因司法管辖区的不同而有很大差异,并且在许多地方仍未定义或正在变化中<ref>https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3042248</ref>。在大多数国家中,使用加密货币本身并不违法,但其作为支付手段(或商品)的地位和可用性各不相同,具有不同的监管影响<ref>https://medium.com/coinmonks/cryptos-big-legal-problems-63b760385fea</ref>。


一些国家明确允许其使用和交易,而另一些国家则禁止或限制其使用。同样,各种政府机构、部门和法院对加密货币的分类也有所不同。
一些国家明确允许其使用和交易,而另一些国家则禁止或限制其使用。同样,各种政府机构、部门和法院对加密货币的分类也有所不同。
[[文件:Legal status of bitcoin.png|缩略图|<big>比特币的法律地位</big>
== 在各国家或地区的细节 ==
* <big>'''法定货币'''<sup>橙色</sup></big>
* <big>'''允许'''(合法使用比特币)<sup>绿色</sup></big>
* <big>'''有争议'''(对比特币的合法使用有一些限制)<sup>黄色</sup></big>
* <big>'''有争议'''(基于现有法律的解释,但不直接禁止比特币)<sup>粉色</sup></big>
* <big>'''禁止'''(全部或部分禁止)<sup>红色</sup></big>
* <big>没有数据<sup>灰色</sup></big>]]


== 在各国家或地区的细节 ==
=== 联盟国家 ===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |国家或地区
! style="width:120px;" |国家或地区
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----根据阿根廷民法典,比特币可能被视为货币,但不是法定货币。比特币可能被视为民法典下的一种物品或者商品,因此与比特币相关的交易可能受民法典下的商品买卖规则约束。2022年5月5日,阿根廷央行禁止金融机构 facilitat 任何与加密货币相关的交易。
----根据阿根廷民法典,比特币可能被视为货币,但不是法定货币。比特币可能被视为民法典下的一种物品或者商品,因此与比特币相关的交易可能受民法典下的商品买卖规则约束。2022年5月5日,阿根廷央行禁止金融机构 facilitat 任何与加密货币相关的交易。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Bolivia}}{{anchor|Bolivia}}
|玻利维亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----The [[Central Bank of Bolivia]] issued a resolution banning bitcoin and any other currency not regulated by a country or economic zone in 2014.<ref name="bol">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/cryptocurrency-round-bolivian-bitcoin-ban-ios-apps-dogecoin-mcdonalds-1453453|title=Cryptocurrency Round-Up: Bolivian Bitcoin Ban, iOS Apps & Dogecoin at McDonald's|publisher=International Business Times|work=ibtimes.co.uk|date=20 June 2014|access-date=23 February 2015|author=Cuthbertson, Anthony|archive-date=24 September 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924050741/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/cryptocurrency-round-bolivian-bitcoin-ban-ios-apps-dogecoin-mcdonalds-1453453|url-status=live}}</ref> Resolution of the Central Bank of Bolivia No. 144 of Dec. 15, 2020 repealed Resolution No. 044 of May 6, 2014.{{cn|date=April 2024}}
----玻利维亚中央银行于2014年发布了一项决议,禁止比特币以及任何其他未受任何国家或经济区域监管的货币。截至2020年12月15日,玻利维亚中央银行第144号决议废除了2014年5月6日的第044号决议。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Brazil}}{{anchor|Brazil}}
|巴西
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In December 2022, Brazil established a licensing regime for virtual asset service providers with the aim of legalizing crypto as a payment method. Previously regulated, according to a 2014 statement by the [[Central Bank of Brazil]] concerning cryptocurrencies, but is discouraged because of operational risks.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www3.bcb.gov.br/normativo/detalharNormativo.do?method=detalharNormativo&N=114009277|title=COMUNICADO Nº 25.306, DE 19 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2014|date=19 February 2014|publisher=[[Banco Central do Brasil]]|access-date=11 September 2016|archive-date=27 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190427001220/https://www3.bcb.gov.br/normativo/detalharNormativo.do?method=detalharNormativo&N=114009277|url-status=live}}</ref> In November 2017 this unregulated and discouraged status was reiterated by the Central Bank of Brazil.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bcb.gov.br/pre/normativos/busca/normativo.asp?numero=31379&tipo=Comunicado&data=16/11/2017|title=Comunicado nº 31.379, de 16/11/2017|website=Bcb.gov.br|language=pt-br|access-date=17 November 2017|archive-date=26 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180726231905/http://www.bcb.gov.br/pre/normativos/busca/normativo.asp?numero=31379&tipo=Comunicado&data=16/11/2017|url-status=live}}</ref> On 7 May 2019, the [[Receita Federal do Brasil|Special Department of Federal Revenue of Brazil]] published a document on cryptocurrency taxes in the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://normas.receita.fazenda.gov.br/sijut2consulta/link.action?visao=anotado&idAto=100592|title=INSTRUÇÃO NORMATIVA RFB Nº 1888, DE 03 DE MAIO DE 2019|date=3 May 2019|access-date=4 March 2021|publisher=[[Receita Federal de Brasil]]|archive-date=30 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130170504/http://normas.receita.fazenda.gov.br/sijut2consulta/link.action?visao=anotado&idAto=100592|url-status=live}}</ref>
----巴西在2022年12月建立了虚拟资产服务提供者的许可制度,旨在将加密货币合法化为一种支付方式。根据巴西中央银行2014年的声明,加密货币虽然受到监管,但由于运营风险而不被鼓励。2017年11月,巴西中央银行重申了这种未受监管和不鼓励的立场。2019年5月7日,巴西联邦税务特别部门发布了有关该国加密货币税收的文件。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Chile}}{{anchor|Chile}}
|智利
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----There is no regulation on the use of bitcoins.{{r|"regulation"|page=Chile}}
----在智利,比特币的使用没有受到任何法规限制。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Colombia}}{{anchor|Colombia}}
|哥伦比亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----Financial institutions are not allowed to facilitate bitcoin transactions. The Superintendencia Financiera warned financial institutions in 2014 that they may not "protect, invest, broker, or manage virtual money operations".<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC">{{cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World|url=https://www.loc.gov/item/2021687419/|website=Library of Congress|publisher=The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center|access-date=14 August 2018|date=June 2018|archive-date=16 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211216083958/https://www.loc.gov/item/2021687419/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----金融机构不允许进行比特币交易。2014年,哥伦比亚金融监管机构警告金融机构不得“保护、投资、代理或管理虚拟货币交易”。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Ecuador}}{{anchor|Ecuador}}
|厄瓜多尔
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to trade and hold / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 as a payment tool, banking ban
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有及交易合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行禁止作为支付工具
----Usage of any cryptocurrency as a payment tool is banned, according to Article 98 of the Organic Code on Monetary and Financial Matters, with sanctions that includes the seizure of cryptocurrencies and any product acquired with them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World: November 2021 Update|url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf|website=Law Library of Congress|access-date=26 December 2021|archive-date=24 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211224043203/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> As of December 25, 2021, no person has been criminally prosecuted for this reason. The Ecuadorian financial system strictly blocks any cryptocurrency-related transaction. Despite this, on January 8, 2018, according to a statement issued by the [[Central Bank of Ecuador]], the purchase and sale of bitcoins is legal.<ref>{{Cite web|title=COMUNICADO OFICIAL SOBRE EL USO DEL BITCOIN|url=https://www.bce.fin.ec/index.php/boletines-de-prensa-archivo/item/1028-comunicado-oficial-sobre-el-uso-del-bitcoin|access-date=7 February 2021|website=www.bce.fin.ec|archive-date=3 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210203221632/https://www.bce.fin.ec/index.php/boletines-de-prensa-archivo/item/1028-comunicado-oficial-sobre-el-uso-del-bitcoin|url-status=live}}</ref>
----根据《货币和金融事务有机法典》第98条款,禁止使用任何加密货币作为支付工具,违者将面临没收加密货币及用其购买的任何产品的处罚。截至2021年12月25日,尚无人因此原因受到刑事起诉。厄瓜多尔金融系统严格阻止任何与加密货币相关的交易。尽管如此,在2018年1月8日,根据厄瓜多尔央行发布的声明,比特币的买卖是合法的。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Venezuela}}
|委内瑞拉
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to hold / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 to mine
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 挖矿不合法
----In January 2018 Carlos Vargas, the government's cryptocurrency superintendent said "It is an activity that is now perfectly legal. We have had meetings with the Supreme Court so that people who have been victims of seizures and arrests in previous years will have charges dismissed."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.crypto-economy.net/en/venezuelan-government-announces-new-monetary-cone-pegged-to-petro/|title=Venezuelan government announces new monetary cone pegged to Petro|last=Teodoro|first=Carlos|date=27 July 2018|work=Crypto Economy|access-date=27 July 2018|archive-date=8 October 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008142018/https://www.crypto-economy.net/en/venezuelan-government-announces-new-monetary-cone-pegged-to-petro/|url-status=live}}</ref>{{unreliable source|date=October 2023}} In March 2023, regulators issued a temporary ban on all cryptocurrency mining, due to concerns over corruption and embezzlement. As of June the ban remained in place.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Yapur|first1=Nicolle|last2=Itriago Acosta|first2=Andreina|title=Venezuela's Ban on Crypto Mining Is Ruining the Industry It Once Embraced|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-21/venezuela-once-embraced-crypto-now-it-s-banned-crypto-mining-trading-petro|access-date=15 October 2023|work=Bloomberg.com|date=21 June 2023|archive-url=https://archive.today/20230622015054/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-06-21/venezuela-once-embraced-crypto-now-it-s-banned-crypto-mining-trading-petro|archive-date=22 June 2023|language=en}}</ref>
----在2018年1月,政府的加密货币监督官卡洛斯·瓦尔加斯表示:“这是一项现在完全合法的活动。我们与最高法院举行了会议,以便对那些在之前几年被扣押和逮捕的人解除指控。”然而,在2023年3月,监管机构因为对腐败和侵占的担忧,发布了一项临时禁令,禁止所有加密货币的挖矿活动。截至6月,这项禁令仍然有效。
|}
|}


=== Asia ===
=== 亚洲 ===


==== Central Asia ====
==== 中亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Afghanistan}}{{anchor|Afghanistan}}
|阿富汗
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
----In August 2022 Taliban banned trading in cryptocurrencies.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-26/taliban-ban-crypto-in-afghanistan-arrest-digital-coin-dealers Taliban Ban Crypto in Afghanistan, Arrest Dealers of Tokens] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701120648/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-08-26/taliban-ban-crypto-in-afghanistan-arrest-digital-coin-dealers|date=1 July 2023}}, 26 August 2022</ref>
----2022年8月,塔利班禁止了加密货币交易。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Kyrgyzstan}}{{anchor|Kyrgyzstan}}
|吉尔吉斯斯坦
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Bitcoin is considered a commodity,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.kyrgyzbusiness.com/blockchain-en/|title=Kyrgyzstan and Crypto Business|publisher=International Finance Centre Development Agency|work=en.kyrgyzbusiness.com|date=2018|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404135339/http://en.kyrgyzbusiness.com/blockchain-en/|url-status=live}}</ref> not a security or currency under the laws of the Kyrgyz Republic and may be legally mined, bought, sold and traded on a local commodity exchange.<ref name="kyr">{{cite web|url=https://akipress.com/news:604488/|title=New report on Legal Status of Blockchain Commerce in the Kyrgyz Republic released|publisher=AKIpress News Agency|work=akipress.com|date=2018|access-date=4 April 2018|archive-date=4 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180404201039/https://akipress.com/news:604488/|url-status=live}}</ref> The use of bitcoin as a currency in domestic settlements is restricted.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbkr.kg/searchout.jsp?item=31&material=50718&lang=ENG|title=Warning of the National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic on the spread and use of the "virtual currency", in particular, bitcoins (bitcoin)|publisher=National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic|work=nbkr.kg|date=18 July 2014|access-date=23 February 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222230016/http://www.nbkr.kg/searchout.jsp?item=31&material=50718&lang=ENG|url-status=live}}</ref>
----在吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国的法律下,比特币被视为一种商品,而不是证券或货币,可以在本地商品交易所合法进行挖掘、购买、销售和交易。然而,比特币在国内结算中使用作为货币的行为受到限制。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}{{anchor|Kyrgyzstan}}
|乌兹别克斯坦
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 2 September 2018, a decree legalizing crypto trading — also making it tax-free — and mining in the country came into force, making Uzbekistan a crypto-friendly state.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://static.norma.uz/official_texts/%D0%9E%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%20%D0%B2%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.pdf|title=decree "On measures to organize the activities of crypto-exchanges in Uzbekistan", № ПП-3926 from September 2nd 2018|website=Static.nora.uz|access-date=15 September 2018|archive-date=15 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915225931/https://static.norma.uz/official_texts/%D0%9E%20%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%85%20%D0%BF%D0%BE%20%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%B8%20%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%8F%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%20%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BF%D1%82%D0%BE-%D0%B1%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B6%20%D0%B2%20%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5%20%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----在2018年9月2日,乌兹别克斯坦颁布了一项法令,正式将加密货币交易和挖矿合法化,并且免税。这使得乌兹别克斯坦成为一个支持加密货币的国家。
|}
|}


==== West Asia ====
==== 西亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|United Arab Emirates}}{{anchor|United Arab Emirates}}
|阿联酋
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----According to the Library of Congress "The Central Bank does not recognize cryptocurrencies as a form of payment yet. However, it is working on a new regulation for retail payment services that introduces the concept of tokens that could be used for payment purposes."<ref name="RCAWNovember2021LOC">{{cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World|url=https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf|website=Library of Congress|publisher=The Law Library of Congress, Global Legal Research Center|access-date=9 February 2022|date=November 2021|archive-date=30 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220130224349/https://tile.loc.gov/storage-services/service/ll/llglrd/2021687419/2021687419.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----根据美国国会图书馆的资料,“中央银行尚未将加密货币视为一种支付形式。然而,该机构正在制定新的零售支付服务法规,引入了可用于支付目的的代币概念。”


On 13 February 2018 Dubai gold trader Regal RA DMCC became the first company in the Middle East to get a license to trade cryptocurrencies, the Dubai Multi Commodities Centre said.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Carpenter|first1=Claudia|title=Journalist|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-12/dubai-trader-gets-first-middle-east-license-in-cryptocurrencies|website=Bloomberg.com|date=12 February 2018|access-date=13 February 2018|archive-date=13 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180213004333/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-02-12/dubai-trader-gets-first-middle-east-license-in-cryptocurrencies|url-status=live}}</ref> DMCC's website emphasizes the "cold storage" of cryptocurrencies and states "DMCC's Crypto-commodities license is for Proprietary Trading in Crypto-commodities only. No initial coin offerings are permitted and no establishment of an exchange is permitted under this license."<ref>{{cite web|title=World's First Deep Cold Storage for Crypto-Commodities Launched by Regal Assets in Dubai|url=https://www.dmcc.ae/news/worlds-first-deep-cold-storage-crypto-commodities-launched-regal-assets-dubai|website=Dmcc.ae|access-date=14 August 2018|date=13 February 2018|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071623/https://www.dmcc.ae/news/worlds-first-deep-cold-storage-crypto-commodities-launched-regal-assets-dubai|url-status=live}}</ref>
在2018年2月13日,迪拜多商品中心宣布,迪拜金商Regal RA DMCC成为中东首家获得加密货币交易许可的公司。DMCC的网站强调了加密货币的冷存储,并指出“DMCC的加密商品交易许可仅限于专有交易。不允许进行首次代币发行(ICO),也不允许在此许可下设立交易所。”


In November 2020, the [[Securities and Commodities Authority]] published "The Chairman of the Authority's Board of Directors' Decision No. (23/Chairman) of 2020 Concerning Crypto Assets Activities Regulation." It establishes a regulatory framework for the offering, issuance, listing, and trading of crypto assets. Crypto assets providers must be incorporated onshore within the UAE.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.keystonelaw.com/me/keynotes/uae-announces-new-regulations-for-licensing-crypto-assets/|title=UAE announces new regulations for licensing crypto assets|website=Keystone Law Dubai|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416082856/https://www.keystonelaw.com/me/keynotes/uae-announces-new-regulations-for-licensing-crypto-assets/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sca.gov.ae/Content/Userfiles/Assets/Documents/f79fbf6.pdf|title=Regulation in Arabic|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121071215/https://www.sca.gov.ae/Content/Userfiles/Assets/Documents/f79fbf6.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sca.gov.ae/Content/Userfiles/Assets/Documents/8004151b.pdf|title=Regulation in English|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=28 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201128171301/https://www.sca.gov.ae/Content/Userfiles/Assets/Documents/8004151b.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.sca.gov.ae/en/media-center/news/29/3/2021/mou-between-dmcc-and-sca.aspx|title=MoU signed between SCA and DMCC &#124; News &#124; Media Center &#124; Securities and Commodities Authority|access-date=16 April 2021|archive-date=25 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210725003358/https://www.sca.gov.ae/en/media-center/news/29/3/2021/mou-between-dmcc-and-sca.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
2020年11月,阿联酋证券与商品权威发布了《2020年主席理事会决定第23/主席号:关于加密资产活动监管的决定》,建立了加密资产的提供、发行、上市和交易的监管框架。加密资产提供者必须在阿联酋国内设立公司。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Israel}}{{anchor|Israel}}
|以色列
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----As of 2017, the Israel Tax Authorities issued a statement saying that bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies would not fall under the legal definition of currency, and neither of that of a financial security, but of a taxable asset.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.lawfirmwolf.com/bitcoin-israel-law|title=Bitcoin Israel - Q & A {{!}} Dave Wolf & Co. Law Offices|website=Lawfirmwolf.com|access-date=6 July 2017|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143159/http://www.lawfirmwolf.com/bitcoin-israel-law|url-status=live}}</ref> Each time a bitcoin is sold, the seller would have to pay a capital gains tax of 25%. Miners, traders of bitcoins would be treated as businesses and would have to pay corporate income tax as well as charge a 17% VAT.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://taxes.gov.il/incometax/documents/hozrim/hoz_x_2017_tyota.pdf|title=Taxation of Cryptocurrency|last=Israeli Tax Authorities|date=2017|website=Taxes.gov.il|access-date=21 August 2017|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624133358/https://taxes.gov.il/incometax/documents/hozrim/hoz_x_2017_tyota.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----根据以色列税务当局2017年的声明,比特币和其他加密货币不被视为法定货币或金融证券,而是被视为应税资产。每次出售比特币时,卖方需缴纳25%的资本利得税。此外,比特币的挖矿者和交易者被视为企业,需缴纳企业所得税,并对其交易征收17%的增值税。
|-
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|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}{{anchor|Saudi Arabia}}
|沙特阿拉伯
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----Financial institutions are warned from using bitcoin.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> The [[Saudi Central Bank]] (SAMA) has warned from using bitcoin as it is high risk and its dealers will not be guaranteed any protection or rights.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2017-07-04|title=تعرف على خطر عملة "بيتكوين" ولماذا منعتها السعودية|url=https://www.alarabiya.net/aswaq/economy/2017/07/04/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86-|access-date=2023-06-21|website=العربية|language=ar|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622001841/https://www.alarabiya.net/aswaq/economy/2017/07/04/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%B0%D8%B1-%D9%85%D9%86-%D8%AA%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%84-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D9%85%D9%84%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%84%D9%83%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%AA%D9%83%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86-|url-status=live}}</ref>
----沙特阿拉伯货币管理局(SAMA)已警告金融机构不要使用比特币,因为它具有高风险,其交易者将无法获得任何保护或权利。
|-
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|{{flag|Jordan}}{{anchor|Jordan}}
|约旦
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----The government of Jordan has issued a warning discouraging the use of bitcoin and other similar systems.<ref name="disco">{{cite web|url=http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2014/Feb-24/248247-despite-warnings-bitcoin-gains-toehold-in-region.ashx|title=Despite warnings, Bitcoin gains toehold in region|publisher=The Daily Star|work=dailystar.com.lb|date=24 February 2014|access-date=17 June 2015|author=Knutsen, Elise|quote=[In February of 2014] the Central Bank of Jordan issued a warning against the currency, becoming the second government in the region to do so after Lebanon.|archive-date=2 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180902000151/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/Business/Lebanon/2014/Feb-24/248247-despite-warnings-bitcoin-gains-toehold-in-region.ashx|url-status=live}}</ref>
----约旦央行禁止银行、货币兑换机构、金融公司和支付服务公司参与比特币或其他数字货币的交易。尽管警告公众比特币存在风险,并非法定货币,但小企业和商家仍然接受比特币支付。
 
The Central Bank of Jordan prohibits banks, currency exchanges, financial companies, and [[payment service companies]] from dealing in bitcoins or other digital currencies.<ref name="jordantimes">{{cite news|url=http://jordantimes.com/central-bank-warns-against-using-bitcoin|work=The Jordan Times|title=Central bank warns against using bitcoin|first=Omar|last=Obeidat|date=22 February 2014|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=28 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150428002618/http://jordantimes.com/central-bank-warns-against-using-bitcoin|url-status=live}}</ref> While it warned the public of risks of bitcoins, and that they are not legal tender, bitcoins are still accepted by small businesses and merchants.<ref name="jordantimes" />
|-
|-
|{{flag|Lebanon}}{{anchor|Lebanon}}
|黎巴嫩
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----The government of Lebanon has issued a warning discouraging the use of bitcoin and other similar systems.<ref name="disco" />
----黎巴嫩政府发出警告,不鼓励使用比特币和其他类似系统。
|-
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|{{flag|Turkey}}{{anchor|Turkey}}
|土耳其
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 as a payment tool, banking ban
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行禁止作为支付工具
----On 16 April 2021, [[Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey]] issued a regulation banning the use of cryptocurrencies including bitcoin and other such digital assets based on distributed ledger technology, directly or indirectly, to pay for goods and services, citing possible "irreparable" damage and transaction risks starting 30 April 2021.<ref name="TRBanPayment">{{cite press release|title=ÖDEMELERDE KRİPTO VARLIKLARIN KULLANILMAMASINA DAİR YÖNETMELİK|url=https://www.resmigazete.gov.tr/eskiler/2021/04/20210416-4.htm|date=16 April 2021|publisher=Central Bank of the Republic of Turkey|access-date=16 April 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Toksabay|first1=Ece|title=Bitcoin tumbles after Turkey bans crypto payments citing risks|url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/turkey-bans-use-cryptocurrencies-payments-sends-bitcoin-down-2021-04-16/|access-date=16 April 2021|work=Reuters|date=16 April 2021|archive-date=16 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416062647/https://www.reuters.com/technology/turkey-bans-use-cryptocurrencies-payments-sends-bitcoin-down-2021-04-16/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2021年4月16日,土耳其共和国中央银行发布了一项法规,禁止直接或间接使用包括比特币在内的所有基于分布式账本技术的加密货币,用于支付商品和服务。该法规指出可能造成的“无法弥补的”损害和交易风险,并于2021年4月30日生效。
|-
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|{{flag|Qatar}}{{anchor|Qatar}}
|卡塔尔
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----Banks are not allowed to trade in bitcoin due to concerns over financial crimes and hacking. Additionally cryptocurrency is banned in the [[Qatar Financial Centre]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/07/02/2018/Bitcoin-trading-prohibited-in-Qatar-Central-Bank|title=Bitcoin trading prohibited in Qatar: Central Bank|date=7 February 2018|access-date=25 March 2021|website=thepeninsulaqatar.com|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206085259/https://thepeninsulaqatar.com/article/07/02/2018/Bitcoin-trading-prohibited-in-Qatar-Central-Bank|url-status=live}}</ref>
----在卡塔尔,由于对金融犯罪和黑客攻击的担忧,银行不被允许交易比特币。此外,加密货币在卡塔尔金融中心也被禁止使用。
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|{{flag|Iran}}{{anchor|Iran}}
|伊朗
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----Financial institutions are not allowed by central bank to facilitate bitcoin transactions.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> In April 2018, [[Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran]] issued a statement banning the country's banks and financial institutions from dealing with cryptocurrencies, citing money laundering and terrorism financing risks.<ref>{{cite news|title=Iran central bank bans cryptocurrency dealings|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-iran/iran-central-bank-bans-cryptocurrency-dealings-idUSKBN1HT0YN|work=Reuters|date=22 April 2018|language=en|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622001841/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-crypto-currencies-iran/iran-central-bank-bans-cryptocurrency-dealings-idUSKBN1HT0YN|url-status=live}}</ref>
----伊朗伊斯兰共和国中央银行禁止该国的银行和金融机构处理加密货币交易,原因是担心可能涉及洗钱和资助恐怖主义活动的风险。
|}
|}


==== South Asia ====
==== 南亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
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|{{flag|Bangladesh}}{{anchor|Bangladesh}}
|孟加拉国
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
----Financial institutions are not allowed to facilitate bitcoin transactions.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> In September 2014, [[Bangladesh Bank]] said that "anybody caught using the virtual currency could be jailed under the country's strict anti-money laundering laws".<ref name="bangla">{{cite web|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/11097208/Why-Bangladesh-will-jail-Bitcoin-traders.html|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/currency/11097208/Why-Bangladesh-will-jail-Bitcoin-traders.html|archive-date=12 January 2022|url-access=subscription|url-status=live|title=Why Bangladesh will jail Bitcoin traders|publisher=The Telegraph|work=telegraph.co.uk|date=15 September 2014|access-date=23 February 2015|author=AFP}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In 2021 the Bangladesh Bank said that cryptocurrency transactions or trade should be deemed as crimes if they involve money laundering or terror financing.<ref name="BangladeshCentralBank">{{cite web|url=https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/2021/07/27/bangladesh-bank-to-cid-trading-owning-cryptocurrency-not-illegal|url-access=|title=Bangladesh Bank to CID: Trading, owning cryptocurrency not illegal|publisher=[[Dhaka Tribune]]|work=dhakatribune.com|date=27 July 2021|access-date=30 January 2023|author=|archive-date=30 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230130103913/https://archive.dhakatribune.com/business/2021/07/27/bangladesh-bank-to-cid-trading-owning-cryptocurrency-not-illegal|url-status=live}}</ref>
----孟加拉国银行在2014年9月表示,根据该国严格的反洗钱法律,任何使用虚拟货币的人可能会被监禁。2021年,孟加拉国银行表示,如果涉及洗钱或恐怖融资,加密货币交易或贸易应被视为犯罪行为。
|-
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|{{flag|India}}{{anchor|India}}
|印度
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Finance minister Arun Jaitley, in his budget speech on 1 February 2018, stated that the government will do everything to discontinue the use of bitcoin and other virtual currencies in India for criminal uses. He reiterated that India does not recognise them as legal tender and will instead encourage blockchain technology in payment systems.
----印度财政部长阿伦·贾特利在2018年2月1日的预算演讲中表示,政府将尽一切努力阻止比特币和其他虚拟货币在印度的非法使用。他重申印度不将其视为法定货币,并将鼓励区块链技术在支付系统中的应用。
 
贾特利说道:“政府不承认加密货币为法定货币或硬币,并将采取一切措施消除这些加密资产在非法活动融资或支付系统中的使用。”
"The government does not recognise cryptocurrency as legal tender or coin and will take all measures to eliminate the use of these cryptoassets in financing illegitimate activities or as part of the payments system," Jaitley said.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://qz.com/1195316/budget-2018-busts-bitcoin-arun-jaitley-has-just-killed-indias-cryptocurrency-party/|title=Arun Jaitley has just killed India's cryptocurrency party|last=Anand|first=Nupur|work=Quartz|access-date=1 February 2018|language=en-US|archive-date=1 February 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180201074636/https://qz.com/1195316/budget-2018-busts-bitcoin-arun-jaitley-has-just-killed-indias-cryptocurrency-party/|url-status=live}}</ref>


In early 2018 India's central bank, the [[Reserve Bank of India]] (RBI) announced a ban on the sale or purchase of cryptocurrency for entities regulated by RBI.<ref>{{cite news|title=India bans crypto-currency trades|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43669730|access-date=20 February 2019|work=BBC|date=6 April 2018|archive-date=21 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121165356/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-43669730|url-status=live}}</ref>
2018年初,印度的中央银行——印度储备银行(RBI)宣布禁止受其监管的实体进行加密货币的买卖交易。


In 2019, a petition has been filed by Internet and Mobile Association of India with the [[Supreme Court of India]] challenging the 合法性 of cryptocurrencies and seeking a direction or order restraining their transaction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://onelawstreet.com/challenge-to-cryptocurrencies/|title=Challenge to cryptocurrencies|date=17 February 2019|website=1, Law Street|language=en-US|access-date=20 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220181628/http://onelawstreet.com/challenge-to-cryptocurrencies/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In March 2020, the Supreme Court of India passed the verdict, revoking the RBI ban on cryptocurrency trade.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/supreme-court-quashes-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-1652254-2020-03-04|title=Supreme Court quashes RBI ban on cryptocurrency trade|first1=Aneesha|last1=Mathur|website=India Today|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=30 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130034029/https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/supreme-court-quashes-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-1652254-2020-03-04|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/supreme-court-strikes-down-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-in-india|title=Supreme Court Lifts Ban on Cryptocurrency Trading in India|date=4 March 2020|website=The Quint|language=en|access-date=4 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304074233/https://www.thequint.com/tech-and-auto/supreme-court-strikes-down-rbi-ban-on-cryptocurrency-trading-in-india|url-status=live}}</ref>
2019年,印度互联网和移动协会向印度最高法院提出请愿,挑战加密货币的合法性,并寻求法院的指令或命令以限制其交易。2020年3月,印度最高法院做出裁决,撤销了印度储备银行对加密货币交易的禁令。


In 2021, the government is exploring the creation of a state-backed digital currency issued by the Reserve Bank of India, while banning private ones like bitcoin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/30/the-indian-government-may-ban-cryptocurrencies-like-bitcoin.html|title=India might ban private cryptocurrencies like bitcoin and develop a national digital coin|date=30 January 2021|website=CNBC|language=en-US|access-date=6 February 2021|archive-date=5 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210205162633/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/01/30/the-indian-government-may-ban-cryptocurrencies-like-bitcoin.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
2021年,印度政府正在探索由印度储备银行发行的由国家支持的数字货币,同时禁止像比特币这样的私人数字货币。


At present, India neither prohibits nor allows investment in the cryptocurrency market. In 2020, the Supreme Court of India had specifically lifted the ban on cryptocurrency, which was imposed by the Reserve Bank of India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rbi-lost-case-on-cryptocurrency-in-supreme-court-it-must-stop-behaving-like-sore-loser-4196594.html|title=RBI Lost Case on Cryptocurrency in Supreme Court, It Must Stop Behaving Like Sore Loser|date=18 September 2021|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124051652/https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rbi-lost-case-on-cryptocurrency-in-supreme-court-it-must-stop-behaving-like-sore-loser-4196594.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/business/future-of-cryptocurrency-in-india-continues-to-hang-in-the-balance/article34704676.ece|title=Future of cryptocurrency in India continues to hang in the balance|newspaper=The Hindu|date=2 June 2021|last1=Perumal|first1=Prashanth|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124053149/https://www.thehindu.com/business/future-of-cryptocurrency-in-india-continues-to-hang-in-the-balance/article34704676.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/crypto/cryptocurrency-in-india-a-look-at-the-regulatory-journey-of-cryptocurrencies-7648767/|title=From ban to regulation, cryptocurrency's journey so far in India|date=2 February 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124051648/https://indianexpress.com/article/technology/crypto/cryptocurrency-in-india-a-look-at-the-regulatory-journey-of-cryptocurrencies-7648767/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sc-verdict-on-cryptocurrencies-what-it-means-for-investors-5070381.html|title=SC verdict on cryptocurrencies: What it means for investors|date=25 March 2020|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124051654/https://www.moneycontrol.com/news/business/personal-finance/sc-verdict-on-cryptocurrencies-what-it-means-for-investors-5070381.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since then the investment in cryptocurrency is considered legitimate though there is still ambiguity about the issues regarding the extent and payment of tax on the income accrued thereupon and also its regulatory regime. But it is being contemplated that the Indian Parliament will soon pass a specific law to either ban or regulate the cryptocurrency market in India.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-the-indian-government-cracking-down-on-cryptocurrency/a-60148889|title=Why is the Indian government cracking down on cryptocurrency? &#124; DW &#124; 16.12.2021|website=[[Deutsche Welle]]|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128213818/https://www.dw.com/en/why-is-the-indian-government-cracking-down-on-cryptocurrency/a-60148889|url-status=live}}</ref> Expressing his public policy opinion on the Indian [[cryptocurrency]] market to a well-known online publication, a leading [[public policy]] lawyer and Vice President of [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARCLAW]] (South Asian Association for Regional Co-operation in Law) [[Hemant Batra]] has said that the "cryptocurrency market has now become very big with involvement of billions of dollars in the market hence, it is now unattainable and irreconcilable for the government to completely ban all sorts of cryptocurrency and its trading and investment".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.mumbaiuncensored.com/2022/01/15/the-crypto-effect-framework-challenges-the-way-forward/|title=The Crypto Effect : Framework, challenges & the way forward|date=15 January 2022|access-date=24 January 2022|archive-date=24 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220124050010/https://www.mumbaiuncensored.com/2022/01/15/the-crypto-effect-framework-challenges-the-way-forward/|url-status=live}}</ref> He mooted regulating the cryptocurrency market rather than completely banning it. He favoured following [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]] and [[Financial Action Task Force|FATF]] guidelines in this regard.
目前,印度既不禁止也不允许在加密货币市场投资。2020年,印度最高法院特别解除了印度储备银行对加密货币的禁令。自那时以来,投资加密货币被视为合法,尽管对于相关税收问题的范围和支付以及其监管制度仍存在一些模糊不清。但有人认为印度议会很快将通过一项具体法律,要么禁止,要么对加密货币市场进行规范。在向一家著名在线出版物表达对印度加密货币市场的公共政策观点时,一位领先的公共政策律师兼南亚区域法律合作组织(SAARCLAW)副主席赫曼特·巴特拉表示,“加密货币市场现在已经非常庞大,涉及数十亿美元市场,因此,政府完全禁止所有形式的加密货币及其交易和投资现在已经不可行和不可调和。”他建议在这方面遵循国际货币基金组织(IMF)和金融行动特别工作组(FATF)的指导方针,规范加密货币市场。
|-
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|{{flag|Nepal}}{{anchor|Nepal}}
|尼泊尔
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
----Absolute ban.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> The use of any cryptocurrency is 不合法 in Nepal.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nrb.org.np/2020/11/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-bitcoin-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-cryptocurrency-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B/|title=नपालमा Bitcoin लगायतका Cryptocurrency हरको कारोबार गरन पाइनछ/पाइदन ?|trans-title=Can Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies be used in Nepal?|language=ne|publisher=[[Nepal Rastra Bank]]|access-date=9 September 2021|archive-date=9 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210909155341/https://www.nrb.org.np/2020/11/%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE-bitcoin-%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE-cryptocurrency-%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8B/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----尼泊尔实施了绝对禁令,任何加密货币的使用都是非法的。
|-
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|{{flag|Pakistan}}{{anchor|Pakistan}}
|巴基斯坦
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Cryptocurrencies including bitcoin are not officially regulated in Pakistan;<ref>{{Cite news|last=Tanoli|first=Ishaq|date=18 December 2020|title=State Bank never declared cryptocurrency illegal, SHC told|work=Dawn|url=https://www.techjuice.pk/crypto-to-be-legalized-in-pakistan-if-the-government-fails-to-reply-to-waqar-zakas-petition/|access-date=|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022614/https://www.techjuice.pk/crypto-to-be-legalized-in-pakistan-if-the-government-fails-to-reply-to-waqar-zakas-petition/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Khurshid|first=Jamal|date=18 December 2020|title=SBP did not declare crypto currency illegal, SHC told|work=TheNews|url=https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/760471-sbp-did-not-declare-crypto-currency-illegal-shc-told|access-date=|archive-date=22 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210122022617/https://www.thenews.com.pk/print/760471-sbp-did-not-declare-crypto-currency-illegal-shc-told|url-status=live}}</ref> however, it is not 不合法 or banned. As of 16 January 2021, the State Bank of Pakistan has not authorized any individuals or organizations to carry out the sale, purchase, exchange, and investment of virtual currencies, coins, and tokens.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2018|title=CAUTION REGARDING RISKS OF VIRTUAL CURRENCIES|url=https://www.sbp.org.pk/warnings/pdf/2018/PBNT-VC.pdf|access-date=|website=|archive-date=6 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210306144012/https://www.sbp.org.pk/warnings/pdf/2018/PBNT-VC.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> There have been a number of arrests by the Cyber Crime Wing of the Federal Investigation Agency (FIA) related to the mining of bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. These arrests were made under money-laundering charges.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=23 January 2020|title=Two held in Shangla for money laundering through bitcoin|work=Dawn|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1529970|access-date=|archive-date=23 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123004325/https://www.dawn.com/news/1529970|url-status=live}}</ref>
----巴基斯坦并未正式对加密货币(包括比特币)进行监管,但也没有明文规定其为非法或禁止。截至2021年1月16日,巴基斯坦国家银行尚未授权任何个人或组织进行虚拟货币、代币和数字资产的销售、购买、交换和投资。巴基斯坦联邦调查局(FIA)的网络犯罪调查部门曾因涉及挖掘比特币和其他加密货币而进行多起逮捕,这些逮捕行动是基于洗钱指控进行的。


Despite the many controversies around virtual currencies, prominent Pakistani bloggers and social media influencers are publicly involved in trading bitcoin and regularly publish content on social media in the favor of regulating cryptocurrencies. In December 2020, the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa government became the first province in Pakistan to pass a resolution to legalize cryptocurrency in the country.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=3 December 2020|title=KP Government Legalizes Cryptocurrency: Zia Ullah Bangash|work=Business Recorder|url=https://www.brecorder.com/news/40037203/kp-government-legalizes-cryptocurrency-zia-ullah-bangash|access-date=|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121222921/https://www.brecorder.com/news/40037203/kp-government-legalizes-cryptocurrency-zia-ullah-bangash|url-status=live}}</ref>
尽管围绕虚拟货币存在许多争议,但一些知名的巴基斯坦博主和社交媒体影响者公开参与比特币交易,并经常在社交媒体上发布有利于加密货币监管的内容。2020年12月,巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省成为该国第一个通过决议支持在全国范围内合法化加密货币的省份。
|}
|}


==== East Asia ====
==== 东亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|China}} (PRC){{anchor|China}}
|中华人民共和国
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法
----Financial institutions are not allowed to facilitate bitcoin transactions.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> Regulation prohibits financial firms holding or trading cryptocurrencies.{{r|"EUPARANNEX"|page=China}} On 5 December 2013, [[People's Bank of China]] (PBOC) made its first step in regulating bitcoin by prohibiting financial institutions from handling bitcoin transactions.<ref name="Bloomberd">{{cite news|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-05/china-s-pboc-bans-financial-companies-from-bitcoin-transactions.html|title=China Bans Financial Companies From Bitcoin Transactions|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|publisher=Bloomberg|date=5 December 2013|access-date=16 December 2013|archive-date=7 January 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150107224952/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-05/china-s-pboc-bans-financial-companies-from-bitcoin-transactions.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
----中国人民银行自2013年12月5日起,首次对比特币进行监管,禁止金融机构处理比特币交易。


On 1 April 2014 PBOC ordered commercial banks and payment companies to close bitcoin trading accounts in two weeks.<ref name="wsj4-2014">{{cite news|author1=Chao Deng|author2=Lingling Wei|title=China Cracks Down on Bitcoin|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304157204579475233879506454|access-date=8 November 2014|work=WSJ.com|publisher=Dow Jones & Company|date=1 April 2014|archive-date=27 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200327144736/https://online.wsj.com/articles/SB10001424052702304157204579475233879506454|url-status=live}}</ref>
2014年4月1日,中国人民银行要求商业银行和支付公司在两周内关闭比特币交易账户。


Cryptocurrency exchanges or trading platforms were effectively banned by regulation in September 2017 with 173 platforms closed down by July 2018.<ref name="LOC2018China">{{cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency: C`|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/china.php|website=Library of Congress|access-date=29 September 2018|date=12 July 2018|archive-date=29 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180929080014/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/china.php|url-status=live}}</ref>
2017年9月,通过法规禁止加密货币交易所或交易平台运营,到2018年7月关闭了173家平台。


In early 2018 the [[People's Bank of China]] announced the [[State Administration of Foreign Exchange]] led by [[Pan Gongsheng]] would crack down on bitcoin mining.<ref name="techcrunchBTC">{{cite news|last1=Russell|first1=John|title=China is reportedly moving to clamp down on bitcoin miners|url=https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/china-is-reportedly-moving-to-clampdown-on-bitcoin-miners/|access-date=10 January 2018|work=TechCrunch|date=9 January 2018|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110174448/https://techcrunch.com/2018/01/08/china-is-reportedly-moving-to-clampdown-on-bitcoin-miners/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="ChinaDaily20180105">{{cite news|last1=Chen|first1=Jia|title=PBOC gets tougher on bitcoin|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/05/WS5a4eb4cba31008cf16da527c.html|access-date=10 January 2018|work=China Daily|date=5 January 2018|archive-date=10 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110000244/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/a/201801/05/WS5a4eb4cba31008cf16da527c.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Many bitcoin mining operations in China had stopped operating by January 2018.<ref name="LOC2018China" /> A complete ban on cryptocurrency trading and mining was put into effect on 24 September 2021.<ref>{{cite news|last1=John|first1=Alun|last2=Shen|first2=Samuel|last3=Wilson|first3=Tom|title=China's top regulators ban crypto trading and mining, sending bitcoin tumbling|url=https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-central-bank-vows-crackdown-cryptocurrency-trading-2021-09-24/|access-date=24 September 2021|work=Reuters|date=24 September 2021|language=en|archive-date=20 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220920005038/https://www.reuters.com/world/china/china-central-bank-vows-crackdown-cryptocurrency-trading-2021-09-24/|url-status=live}}</ref>
2018年初,中国人民银行宣布由国家外汇管理局领导的行动将打击比特币挖矿,到2018年1月,许多比特币挖矿操作已经停止。
 
2021年9月24日,全面禁止加密货币交易和挖矿。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Hong Kong}}{{anchor|Hong Kong}}
|香港
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In 2013 [[Norman Chan]], the chief executive of [[Hong Kong Monetary Authority]] (HKMA) said that bitcoin is only a virtual commodity. He also decided that bitcoin will not be regulated by HKMA. However, the authority will be closely watching the usage of bitcoin locally and its development overseas.<ref>{{cite news|title=比特币不受金管局监管 (Bitcoin is not regulated by HKMA)|url=http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2013/1116/2042791.html|date=16 November 2013|publisher=[[Ta Kung Pao]]|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=27 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161027014238/http://news.takungpao.com/paper/q/2013/1116/2042791.html|url-status=live}}</ref>[[Secretary for Financial Services and the Treasury]] addressed bitcoin in the [[Legislative Council of Hong Kong|Legislative Council]] stating that  "Hong Kong at present has no legislation directly regulating bitcoins and other virtual currencies of [a] similar kind.  However, our existing laws (such as the Organised and Serious Crimes Ordinance) provide sanctions against unlawful acts involving bitcoins, such as fraud or money laundering."{{r|"regulation"|page=Hong Kong}}
----2013年,香港金融管理局(HKMA)行政总裁陈德霖表示,比特币仅为虚拟商品,并决定不对其进行监管。然而,该机构将密切关注比特币在本地及海外的使用和发展。财经事务及库务局局长在立法会上提到,“香港目前没有直接管理比特币及其他类似虚拟货币的法律。然而,我们现有的法律(如有组织及严重罪行条例)对涉及比特币的非法行为,如欺诈或洗钱,提供制裁。”


Starting in late 2022 government bodies including the Treasury Bureau and the HKMA announced they intended to embrace digital assets, and began work on a regulatory framework based on the idea of “same activity, same risks, same regulation”.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-11-08|title=Hong Kong’s renewed stance on virtual assets, security tokens and retail investors {{!}} Davis Polk|url=https://www.davispolk.com/insights/client-update/hong-kongs-renewed-stance-virtual-assets-security-tokens-and-retail|access-date=2024-06-03|website=www.davispolk.com|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Authority|first=Hong Kong Monetary|title=Hong Kong Monetary Authority - New Fintech Promotion Roadmap: Opening Remarks at the Seminar on Distributed Ledger Technology - Unlocking the Potential of DLT in Financial Services|url=https://www.hkma.gov.hk/eng/news-and-media/speeches/2024/03/20240327-1/|access-date=2024-06-10|website=Hong Kong Monetary Authority|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Financial Services and the Treasury Bureau : A new phase in virtual asset regulation|url=https://www.fstb.gov.hk/en/blog/blog020224.htm|access-date=2024-06-10|website=www.fstb.gov.hk|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2023-07-23|title=Ripple focused on markets with clear rules as ambiguity remains in US after win|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/tech-trends/article/3228489/crypto-firm-ripple-focused-markets-clear-rules-including-asia-after-partial-us-victory-allowing-xrp|access-date=2024-06-10|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>  By late 2023 a supervision framework that includes enhanced identity verification was finalized.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Standard|first=The|title=Crypto oversight won't hurt market: Chan|url=https://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news/section/2/257427/Crypto-oversight-won't-hurt-market:-Chan|access-date=2024-06-03|website=The Standard|language=en}}</ref> The new Virtual Asset Trading Plaftorm regulations came into force mid-2024.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-05|title=Hong Kong wants crypto investors to remain wary as exchanges rush for licence|url=https://www.scmp.com/tech/policy/article/3250996/sfc-reminds-crypto-investors-be-wary-unlicensed-platforms-final-month-apply-under-hong-kong-scheme|access-date=2024-06-03|website=South China Morning Post|language=en}}</ref>
从2022年底开始,包括财政司和香港金融管理局在内的政府部门宣布他们打算拥抱数字资产,并开始制定基于“同一活动、同一风险、同一监管”的监管框架。到2023年底,包括增强身份验证在内的监管框架最终确定。新的虚拟资产交易平台规定于2024年中期生效。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Japan}}{{anchor|Japan}}
|日本
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 7 March 2014, the Japanese government, in response to a series of questions asked in the [[National Diet]], made a cabinet decision on the legal treatment of bitcoins in the form of answers to the questions.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASGC0700C_X00C14A3MM0000/|work=Nikkei Inc.|title=The First Governmental View: Bitcoin is not Currency (in Japanese)|date=7 March 2014|access-date=28 March 2014|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402115949/https://www.nikkei.com/article/DGXNASGC0700C_X00C14A3MM0000/|url-status=live}}</ref> The decision did not see bitcoin as currency nor bond under the current Banking Act and Financial Instruments and Exchange Law, prohibiting banks and securities companies from dealing in bitcoins. The decision also acknowledges that there are no laws to unconditionally prohibit individuals or legal entities from receiving bitcoins in exchange for goods or services. Taxes may be applicable to bitcoins.
----2014年3月7日,日本政府在国会提出的一系列问题中作出了关于比特币法律处理的内阁决定。该决定认为比特币不属于货币或债券,因此禁止银行和证券公司交易比特币。决定还承认,目前没有法律无条件禁止个人或法人以比特币交换商品或服务。比特币可能需要缴纳税款。


As of April 2017, cryptocurrency exchange businesses operating in Japan have been regulated by the Payment Services Act. Cryptocurrency exchange businesses have to be registered, keep records, take security measures, and take measures to protect customers. The law on cryptocurrency transactions must comply with the anti-money laundering law; and measures to protect users investors. The Payment Services Act defines "cryptocurrency" as a property value. The Act also states that cryptocurrency is limited to property values that are stored electronically on electronic devices, not a legal tender.<ref>{{cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/japan.php|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=7 September 2018|language=en|date=June 2018|archive-date=21 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180921031724/http://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/japan.php|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=ADVISORY-References to bitcoin as 'legal tender' in Japan|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL3N1OD35L|publisher=[[Reuters]]|date=13 December 2017|access-date=6 June 2021|archive-date=6 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210606011252/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUKL3N1OD35L|url-status=live}}</ref>
截至2017年4月,日本的加密货币交易业务受到支付服务法的监管。加密货币交易业务必须注册,保留记录,采取安全措施,并保护客户。支付服务法将“加密货币”定义为一种财产价值。该法案还规定,加密货币只限于存储在电子设备上的电子形式财产价值,而非法定货币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|South Korea}}{{anchor|South Korea}}
|韩国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Minors and all foreigners are prohibited from trading cryptocurrencies. Adult South Koreans may trade on registered exchanges using ''real name'' accounts at a bank where the exchange also has an account.  Both the bank and the exchange are responsible for verifying the customer's identity and enforcing other anti-money-laundering provisions.<ref name="LOCJune2018">{{cite web|title=Regulation of Cryptocurrency Around the World|url=https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/cryptocurrency-world-survey.pdf|website=Library of Congress|access-date=29 September 2018|date=June 2018|archive-date=14 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180814071440/https://www.loc.gov/law/help/cryptocurrency/cryptocurrency-world-survey.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|author1=Brian Newar|title=Amendment to Special Reporting Act Passes – Cryptocurrency Now Fully Legal in South Korea|url=https://thenews.asia/amendment-to-special-reporting-act-passes-cryptocurrency-trading-now-legal-in-south-korea/|website=TheNews.Asia|date=5 March 2020|access-date=16 July 2020|archive-date=10 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210210021013/https://thenews.asia/amendment-to-special-reporting-act-passes-cryptocurrency-trading-now-legal-in-south-korea/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----韩国的加密货币交易规定如下:未成年人和所有外国人禁止交易加密货币。成年韩国公民可以在注册的交易所上,通过与交易所有账户的银行开设真实姓名账户来进行交易。银行和交易所都有责任验证客户身份,并执行其他反洗钱规定。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Taiwan|name=Taiwan}}{{anchor|Taiwan}}
|台湾
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----Financial institutions are not allowed to facilitate bitcoin transactions.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> Regulators have warned the public that bitcoin does not have legal protection, "as the currency is not issued by any monetary authority and is therefore not entitled to legal claims or guarantee of conversion".<ref>{{cite web|last1=Hsu|first1=Crystal|title=Regulators warn against using bitcoins|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2013/12/31/2003580146|website=Taipei Times|date=31 December 2013|access-date=17 April 2017|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123107/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2013/12/31/2003580146|url-status=live}}</ref>
----台湾地区监管机构对于比特币採取严格管制,明确禁止金融机构协助比特币交易。同时,监管部门也一再提醒民众,比特币并非由国家或央行发行,不具有法币地位,因此没有法律保障。如金融机构涉及比特币业务,将面临监管处罚。


Financial institutions have been warned by regulators that necessary regulatory actions may be taken if they use bitcoin.{{r|"regulation"|page=Taiwan}}
2013 年底,台湾金融监管部门联合央行发布联合声明,警告民众比特币风险,强调其高波动性、投机性以及缺乏法律保障。2014年 1 月,监管部门负责人明确表示,由于比特币并非法定货币,将禁止在台湾安装比特币 ATM 机。
 
On 31 December 2013, [[Financial Supervisory Commission (Republic of China)]] (FSC) and CBC issued a joint statement which warns against the use of bitcoin. It is stated that bitcoin remains highly volatile, highly speculative, and is not entitled to legal claims or guarantee of conversion.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Crystal|first1=Hsu|title=Regulators warn against using bitcoins|url=http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2013/12/31/2003580146|access-date=15 October 2015|publisher=[[Taipei Times]]|date=31 December 2013|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215123107/http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/biz/archives/2013/12/31/2003580146|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
On 5 January 2014, FSC chairman [[Tseng Ming-chung]] stated that FSC will not allow the installation of bitcoin ATM in Taiwan because bitcoin is not a currency and it should not be accepted by individuals and banks as payment.<ref>{{cite news|title=Taiwan's Government Says No To Bitcoin ATMs|url=https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/05/taiwans-government-says-no-to-bitcoin-atms/|date=5 January 2014|last=Shu|first=Catherine|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624170514/https://techcrunch.com/2014/01/05/taiwans-government-says-no-to-bitcoin-atms/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
|}


==== Southeast Asia ====
==== 东南亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Cambodia}}{{anchor|Cambodia}}
|柬埔寨
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----The National Bank of Cambodia (NBC), has "asked banks in Cambodia not to allow people to conduct transactions with cryptocurrencies."<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" />
----柬埔寨国家银行(NBC)要求柬埔寨银行不允许人们使用加密货币进行交易。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Indonesia}}{{anchor|Indonesia}}
|印度尼西亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to trade and hold / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 as payment tool
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有及交易合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行禁止作为支付工具
----On 7 December 2017, [[Bank Indonesia]], the country's central bank, issued a regulation banning the use of cryptocurrencies including bitcoin as payment tools starting 1 January 2018.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" /> On 11 November 2021, [[Indonesian Ulema Council]] issued ''[[haram]]'' [[fatwa]] against use of cryptocurrencies as currency including Bitcoin, citing both Islamic laws and Indonesian banking and monetary regulations. The fatwa also forbids cryptocurrency trading and holding, except if those cryptocurrencies met the Islamic ''sil'ah'' standards of trade-able and own-able goods such as having physical form, having clear value, having known number, can be really owned, transferable, and not entirely speculative.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Hikam|first=Herdi Alif Al|date=11 November 2021|title=MUI: Kripto Sebagai Mata Uang Hukumnya Haram!|url=https://finance.detik.com/fintech/d-5806788/mui-kripto-sebagai-mata-uang-hukumnya-haram|access-date=11 November 2021|website=detikfinance|language=id-ID|archive-date=11 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211111082327/https://finance.detik.com/fintech/d-5806788/mui-kripto-sebagai-mata-uang-hukumnya-haram|url-status=live}}</ref> By passing of the [[Law on Financial Sector Development and Strengthening]] on 15 December 2022, all cryptocurrencies including the Bitcoin listed as "monitored financial technologies" that all related affairs related to the innovation, utilization, and other activities related to it will become the subject of Bank Indonesia and [[Financial Services Authority (Indonesia)|Financial Services Authority]] control and monitoring.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-12-16|title=Mengenal UU PPSK, Omnibus Law Keuangan yang Juga Mengatur Aset Kripto - Sejarah Ekonomi Katadata.co.id|url=https://katadata.co.id/ariayudhistira/ekonopedia/639be5a811279/mengenal-uu-ppsk-omnibus-law-keuangan-yang-juga-mengatur-aset-kripto|access-date=2022-12-17|website=katadata.co.id|language=id|archive-date=17 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221217041314/https://katadata.co.id/ariayudhistira/ekonopedia/639be5a811279/mengenal-uu-ppsk-omnibus-law-keuangan-yang-juga-mengatur-aset-kripto|url-status=live}}</ref>
----印度尼西亚的中央银行,于2017年12月7日发布了一项法规,从2018年1月1日起禁止使用比特币等加密货币作为支付工具。2021年11月11日,印度尼西亚伊斯兰法学会发布了一项关于加密货币的哈拉姆法令,禁止将加密货币作为货币使用,包括比特币,理由是违反伊斯兰法和印度尼西亚银行和货币法规。该法令还禁止加密货币的交易和持有,除非这些加密货币符合伊斯兰教的贸易标准,如具有实体形式、具有清晰价值、已知数量、可以真正拥有、可转让且不完全是投机性的。通过2022年12月15日颁布的《金融部门发展和加强法》中,所有包括比特币在内的加密货币被列为“受监控的金融技术”,所有与创新、利用及其他相关活动有关的事务将受到印度尼西亚国家银行和金融服务管理局的控制和监测。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Malaysia}}{{anchor|Malaysia}}
|马来西亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 4 November 2013, [[Bank Negara Malaysia]] (BNM) met with local bitcoin proponents to learn more about the currency but did not comment at the time.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://betanomics.asia/blog/bank-negara-malaysian-government-unoffical-bitcoin-statement|title=Bank Negara's Officially Unofficial Statement on Bitcoin is No Statement|publisher=Betanomics.asia|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=4 September 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140904192251/http://betanomics.asia/blog/bank-negara-malaysian-government-unoffical-bitcoin-statement|url-status=live}}</ref> BNM issued a statement on 6 January 2014 that bitcoin is not recognised as a legal tender in [[Malaysia]]. The central bank will not regulate bitcoin operations at the moment and users should aware of the risks associated with bitcoin usage.<ref>{{cite news|title=Statement on Bitcoin|url=http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_announcement&pg=en_announcement_all&ac=275|date=6 January 2014|publisher=[[Bank Negara Malaysia]]|access-date=2 March 2014|archive-date=17 July 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180717100240/http://www.bnm.gov.my/index.php?ch=en_announcement&pg=en_announcement_all&ac=275|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=BNM warns on Bitcoin risks|url=http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/technology/270011-bnm-warns-on-bitcoin-risks.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20140111000422/http://www.theedgemalaysia.com/technology/270011-bnm-warns-on-bitcoin-risks.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=11 January 2014|date=6 January 2014|last=Fuad|first=Madiha|publisher=[[The Edge (Malaysia)]]|access-date=11 January 2014}}</ref>{{r|"regulation"|page=Malaysia}}
----2013 年 11 月 4 日,马来西亚国家银行 (BNM) 与当地比特币支持者会面,以了解更多有关该货币的信息,但当时并未发表评论。2014 年 1 月 6 日,马来西亚国家银行发布声明称,比特币在马来西亚不被视为法定货币。央行目前不会监管比特币业务,用户应意识到使用比特币的风险。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Philippines}}{{anchor|Philippines}}
|菲律宾
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 6 March 2014, [[Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas]] (BSP) issued a statement on risks associated with bitcoin trading and usage. Recently virtual currencies were legalized and cryptocurrency exchanges are now regulated by Central Bank of the Philippines (Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas) under Circular 944; however bitcoin and other "virtual currencies" are not recognized by the BSP as currency as "it is neither issued or guaranteed by a central bank nor backed by any commodity."<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/regulations/attachments/2017/c944.pdf|title=Guidelines for Virtual Currency (VC) Exchanges &mdash; BSP Circular 944 Series of 2017|last=Espenilla, Jr.|first=Nestor|date=6 February 2017|website=Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas (Central Bank of the Philippines)|access-date=7 May 2017|archive-date=16 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170516190637/http://www.bsp.gov.ph/downloads/regulations/attachments/2017/c944.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2014年3月6日,菲律宾央行(Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas,BSP)发布了一份关于比特币交易和使用风险的声明。尽管最近菲律宾央行根据《Circular 944》对加密货币交易所进行了合法化和监管,但比特币和其他“虚拟货币”并未被菲律宾央行视为法定货币。菲律宾央行认为,这些货币既不由中央银行发行或保证,也没有任何商品作为支持。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Singapore}}{{anchor|Singapore}}
|新加坡
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In December 2013, the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] reportedly stated that "[w]hether or not businesses accept bitcoins in exchange for their goods and services is a commercial decision in which MAS does not intervene."{{r|"regulation"|page=Singapore}}
----据报道,2013年12月,新加坡金融管理局表示,“企业是否接受比特币以换取其商品和服务是一项商业决定,新加坡金管局不予干预。
 
2013 年 9 月 22 日,新加坡金融管理局 (MAS) 警告用户使用比特币的相关风险,称“如果比特币停止运营,可能没有可识别的一方负责退还他们的款项或让他们寻求追索权”  ,并于 2013 年 12 月表示“企业是否接受比特币以换取其商品和服务是一项商业决定,MAS 不干预”  2014年1月,新加坡税务局发布了一系列税收指南,根据这些指南,如果比特币交易被用作真实商品和服务的支付方式,则可以将其视为易货交易。与比特币货币兑换打交道的企业将根据其比特币销售额征税。
On 22 September 2013, the [[Monetary Authority of Singapore]] (MAS) warned users of the risks associated with using bitcoin stating "If bitcoin ceases to operate, there may not be an identifiable party responsible for refunding their monies or for them to seek recourse"<ref>{{cite web|author=Irene Tham|url=http://business.asiaone.com/news/bitcoin-users-beware-mas|title=Bitcoin users beware: MAS &#124; AsiaOne Business|publisher=Business.asiaone.com|date=22 September 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224094806/http://business.asiaone.com/news/bitcoin-users-beware-mas|archive-date=24 December 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> and in December 2013 stated "Whether or not businesses accept bitcoins in exchange for their goods and services is a commercial decision in which MAS does not intervene"<ref>{{cite web|author=Terence Lee|url=http://www.techinasia.com/singapore-government-decides-interfere-bitcoin/|title=Singapore government decides not to interfere with Bitcoin|publisher=Techinasia.com|date=23 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-date=26 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131226011048/http://www.techinasia.com/singapore-government-decides-interfere-bitcoin/|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2014, the [[Inland Revenue Authority of Singapore]] issued a series of tax guidelines according to which bitcoin transactions may be treated as a barter exchange if it is used as a payment method for real goods and services. Businesses that deal with bitcoin currency exchanges will be taxed based on their bitcoin sales.<ref>{{cite news|title=Singaporean Tax Authorities Have Issued Guidance On Bitcoin-Related Sales And Earnings|url=http://www.businessinsider.com.au/singaporean-tax-authorities-have-issued-guidance-on-bitcoin-related-sales-and-earnings-2014-1|date=9 January 2014|last=Tay|first=Liz|publisher=[[Business Insider|Business Insider (Australia)]]|access-date=11 January 2014|archive-date=20 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180920133802/https://www.businessinsider.com.au/singaporean-tax-authorities-have-issued-guidance-on-bitcoin-related-sales-and-earnings-2014-1|url-status=dead}}</ref>
2019 年 4 月,MAS 将比特币称为《支付服务法》中的数字支付代币。
 
In April 2019, the MAS referred to bitcoin as a digital payment token for purposes of the [[Payment Services Act]].<ref>[https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/MAS/Regulations-and-Financial-Stability/Regulations-Guidance-and-Licensing/Guide-to-Digital-Tokens-Offering-last-updated-on-5-April-2019.pdf "MAS - A Guide to Digital Token Offerings" ] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190810130901/https://www.mas.gov.sg/-/media/MAS/Regulations-and-Financial-Stability/Regulations-Guidance-and-Licensing/Guide-to-Digital-Tokens-Offering-last-updated-on-5-April-2019.pdf|date=10 August 2019}}.</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Thailand}}{{anchor|Thailand}}
|泰国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to trade and hold / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 as payment tool
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有及交易合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行禁止作为支付工具
----Thai based bitcoin exchanges can only exchange Digital Currencies for Thai Baht and are required to operate with a Thailand Business Development Department e-commerce license. They are also required to have KYC and CDD policies and procedures in place, in accordance with the Ministerial Regulation Prescribing Rules and Procedures for Customer Due Diligence, Reference Page 8 Volume 129 Part 44 A Government Gazette 23 May 2555 (2012).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.tgia.org/upload/file_group/18/download_225.PDF|title=Ministerial Regulation Prescribing Rules and Procedures for Customer Due Diligence|date=23 May 2012|website=Tgia.org|access-date=30 October 2017|archive-date=1 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501052718/http://www.tgia.org/upload/file_group/18/download_225.PDF|url-status=live}}</ref>
----泰国的比特币交易所只能将数字货币兑换成泰铢,并且必须持有泰国商业发展部的电子商务许可证。他们还必须根据《规定客户尽职调查规则和程序的部长条例》制定 KYC CDD 政策和程序,参考第 8 页,第 129 卷,第 44 部分,政府公报。
 
可疑活动必须向反洗钱办公室报告。
Suspicious activity must be reported to the [[Anti-Money Laundering Office (Thailand)|Anti-Money Laundering Office]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.amlo.go.th/index.php/en/|title=Anti Money Laundering Office Thailand|website=Amlo.go.th|access-date=29 October 2017|archive-date=11 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180911211414/http://www.amlo.go.th/index.php/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>
2022 年 4 月 1 日起,泰国政府不再允许将加密货币用作商品或服务的支付方式。该法规并未禁止拥有或交易加密货币,尽管商业银行已被警告不要直接参与数字资产。
 
As of 1 April 2022, the Thai government no longer allows cryptocurrencies to be used as payment for goods or services. The regulation doesn't prohibit owning or trading cryptocurrencies, although commercial banks have been cautioned against direct involvement in digital assets.<ref>{{cite news|title=Govt bars use of cryptocurrencies as method of payment|url=https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2283918/govt-bars-use-of-cryptocurrencies-as-method-of-payment|access-date=23 March 2022|work=[[Bangkok Post]]|agency=Bloomberg|date=23 March 2022|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701120704/https://www.bangkokpost.com/business/2283918/govt-bars-use-of-cryptocurrencies-as-method-of-payment|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Vietnam}}{{anchor|Vietnam}}
|越南
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to trade and hold / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 不合法 as payment tool
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有及交易合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行禁止作为支付工具
----The State Bank of Vietnam has declared that the issuance, supply and use of bitcoin and other similar virtual currency is 不合法 as a mean of payment and subject to punishment ranging from 150 million to 200 million VND,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://tuoitre.vn/news-20171028102135916.htm|title=Ngân hàng nhà nước tuyên bố cấm sử dụng bitcoin|first=TUOI TRE|last=ONLINE|date=28 October 2017|website=TUOI TRE ONLINE|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=10 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210610115427/https://tuoitre.vn/news-20171028102135916.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> but the government does not ban bitcoin trading as a virtual goods or assets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://thanhnien.vn/content/NzA4Mzgz.html|title=Thanh toán, giao dịch bitcoin vẫn sôi động|date=6 November 2017|website=Báo Thanh Niên|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=1 July 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230701120657/https://thanhnien.vn/thanh-toan-giao-dich-bitcoin-van-soi-dong-185708383.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
----越南国家银行宣布,比特币和其他类似虚拟货币的发行、供应和使用作为支付手段是非法的,将受到1.5亿至2亿越南盾的处罚,  但政府并未禁止比特币作为虚拟商品或资产进行交易。
|-
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|{{Flag|Brunei}}
|文莱
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal to trade and hold
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 持有及交易合法
----Bitcoin and cryptocurrency is not legal tender in Brunei Darussalam and are not regulated by AMBD (Brunei Monetary Authority).  It is not protected under the laws administered by AMBD.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ambd.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Lists/News/News/AMBD%20Press%20Release%20-%20Cryptocurrencies.pdf|title=Press Release|website=Ambd.gov.bn|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215223312/https://www.ambd.gov.bn/SiteAssets/Lists/News/News/AMBD%20Press%20Release%20-%20Cryptocurrencies.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref>
----比特币和加密货币在文莱达鲁萨兰国不是法定货币,不受 AMBD(文莱金融管理局)监管。它不受AMBD管理的法律保护。
 
然而,AMBD建议公众不要轻易被任何投资或金融活动广告所诱惑,并在参与前进行尽职调查并正确了解金融产品。没有法律规定持有或交易比特币是非法的。
AMBD however, advised the public not to be easily enticed by any investment or financial activity advertisements, and to conduct due diligence and understand the financial products properly before participating. There is no law that stated that holding or trading bitcoin is 不合法.{{citation needed|date=November 2019}}
|}
|}


=== Europe ===
=== 欧洲 ===


==== Central Europe ====
==== 中欧 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Austria}}{{anchor|Austria}}
|奥地利
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Not considered to be an official form of currency, earnings are subject to tax law.
----收入不被视为官方货币形式,受税法约束。
 
金融市场管理局(FMA)警告投资者,加密货币是有风险的,FMA不监督或监管虚拟货币,包括比特币或加密货币交易平台。  
The Financial Market Authority (FMA) has warned investors that cryptocurrencies are risky and that the FMA does not supervise or regulate virtual currencies, including bitcoin, or cryptocurrency trading platforms.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" />{{rp|30–31}}
|-
|-
|{{flag|Croatia}}{{anchor|Croatia}}
|克罗地亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Croatia's Financial Stability Council warned investors about the risks of virtual currencies, such as digital wallet theft and fraud, on 18 December 2017. The National Bank of Croatia issued a similar warning on 22 September 2017.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" />{{rp|33}}
----克罗地亚金融稳定委员会于2017年12月18日警告投资者注意虚拟货币的风险,例如数字钱包盗窃和欺诈。克罗地亚国家银行于2017年9月22日发出了类似的警告。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Czech Republic}}{{anchor|Czech Republic}}
|捷克共和国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Businesses and individuals who buy, sell, store, manage, or mediate the purchase or sale of virtual currencies or provide similar services must comply with the anti-money laundering law.<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" />{{rp|33–34}}
----购买、出售、存储、管理或调解购买或出售虚拟货币或提供类似服务的企业和个人必须遵守反洗钱法。  
 
出于会计和税收目的,比特币被归类为无形资产(而不是电子货币)。
Bitcoin is classified as an intangible asset (not as electronic money) for the purpose of accounting and taxes.<ref>{{cite web|title=Bitcoiny a právo: do jaké škatulky kryptoměnu zařadit?|url=https://www.mesec.cz/clanky/bitcoiny-a-pravo-do-jake-skatulky-kryptomenu-zaradit/|access-date=14 December 2017|archive-date=14 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171214125004/https://www.mesec.cz/clanky/bitcoiny-a-pravo-do-jake-skatulky-kryptomenu-zaradit/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Sdělení Ministerstva financí k účtování a vykazování digitálních měn|url=https://www.mfcr.cz/cs/verejny-sektor/ucetnictvi-a-ucetnictvi-statu/ucetnictvi/legislativa-v-ucetnictvi/2018/sdeleni-ministerstva-financi-k-uctovani-31864|website=Mfcr.cz|date=15 May 2018|publisher=Ministerstvo financí České republiky|access-date=22 May 2018|archive-date=23 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523011107/https://www.mfcr.cz/cs/verejny-sektor/ucetnictvi-a-ucetnictvi-statu/ucetnictvi/legislativa-v-ucetnictvi/2018/sdeleni-ministerstva-financi-k-uctovani-31864|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Germany}}{{anchor|Germany}}
|德国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 19 August 2013, the [[German Finance Ministry]] announced that bitcoin is now essentially a "unit of account" and can be used for the purpose of tax and trading in the country, meaning that purchases made with it must pay VAT as with euro transactions. It is not classified as a foreign currency or e–money but stands as "private money" which can be used in "multilateral clearing circles", according to the ministry.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bitcoin recognized by Germany as 'private money'|url=https://www.cnbc.com/id/100971898|date=19 August 2013|last=Clinch|first=Matt|publisher=[[CNBC]]|access-date=18 January 2014|archive-date=17 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617140648/https://www.cnbc.com/id/100971898|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Germany Recognizes Bitcoin As "Private Money", Sales Tax Coming Soon|url=https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/19/germany-recognizes-bitcoin-as-private-money-sales-tax-coming-soon/|date=19 August 2013|last=Dillet|first=Romain|publisher=[[TechCrunch]]|access-date=8 August 2017|archive-date=18 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190218214609/https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/19/germany-recognizes-bitcoin-as-private-money-sales-tax-coming-soon/|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[Deutsche Bundesbank|Bundesbank]] says that bitcoin is not a virtual currency or digital money. It recommends using the term "crypto token."<ref name="RCAWJune2018LOC" />{{rp|41}}
----2013 8 19 日,德国财政部宣布,比特币现在本质上是一种“记账单位”,可用于该国的税收和交易目的,这意味着用比特币进行的购买必须像欧元交易一样缴纳增值税。据该部称,它不被归类为外币或电子货币,而是“私人货币”,可用于“多边清算圈”。   德国央行表示,比特币不是虚拟货币或数字货币。它建议使用术语“加密令牌”。  
 
2019 年 11 月,德国议会通过了一项立法,允许银行从 2020 年 1 月 1 日起出售和存储加密货币。
In November 2019, a legislation passed by German parliament allows the banks to sell and store cryptocurrencies starting from 1 January 2020.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesrat.de/SharedDocs/beratungsvorgaenge/2019/0501-0600/0598-19.html|title=Gesetz zur Umsetzung der Änderungsrichtlinie zur Vierten EU-Geldwäscherichtlinie|website=Bundesrat|language=de|date=15 November 2019|access-date=30 November 2019|archive-date=9 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191209183107/https://www.bundesrat.de/SharedDocs/beratungsvorgaenge/2019/0501-0600/0598-19.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Hungary}}{{anchor|Hungary}}
|匈牙利
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The Hungarian Central Bank, Magyar Nemzeti Bank (MNB) has issued several warnings over cryptocurrencies, stating that it is "much riskier" than other electronic payments such as credit cards.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hungary - Bitcoinregulation.world|url=https://www.bitcoinregulation.world/Hungary|website=www.bitcoinregulation.world|access-date=18 September 2018|archive-date=18 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180918193728/https://www.bitcoinregulation.world/Hungary|url-status=live}}</ref>
----匈牙利中央银行Magyar Nemzeti银行(MNB)对加密货币发出了几次警告,称它比信用卡等其他电子支付“风险大得多”。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Gibraltar}}{{anchor|Hungary}}
|直布罗陀
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Back in 2018, Gibraltar became the first country in the world to provide a tailored regulatory framework for businesses that use distributed ledger technology.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Gibraltar's DLT Framework Is Considered "Key to Achieving Regulatory Cer-tainty" For Gibraltar Licensed BITSO As the Firm Raises US$255m - 367/2021|url=https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/gibraltars-dlt-framework-is-considered-key-to-achieving-regulatory-cer-tainty-for-gibraltar-licensed-bitso-as-the-firm-raises-us255m-3672021-6933|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=28 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928061448/https://www.gibraltar.gov.gi/press-releases/gibraltars-dlt-framework-is-considered-key-to-achieving-regulatory-cer-tainty-for-gibraltar-licensed-bitso-as-the-firm-raises-us255m-3672021-6933|url-status=live}}</ref> The travel rule was implemented through the Proceeds of Crime Act 2015 (Transfer of Virtual Assets) Regulations 2021 and has been in force since March 22, 2021.<ref>{{Cite web|title=PROCEEDS OF CRIME ACT 2015 (TRANSFER OF VIRTUAL ASSETS) REGULATIONS 2021|url=https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/uploads/legislations/proceeds-of-crime/2021s194/2021s194.pdf#viewer.action=download|access-date=14 June 2022|archive-date=23 May 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220523174319/https://www.gibraltarlaws.gov.gi/uploads/legislations/proceeds-of-crime/2021s194/2021s194.pdf#viewer.action=download|url-status=live}}</ref>
----早在 2018 年,直布罗陀就成为世界上第一个为使用分布式账本技术的企业提供量身定制的监管框架的国家。  旅行规则是通过 2021 年《2015 年犯罪收益法(虚拟资产转让)条例》实施的,自 2021 年 3 月 22 日起生效。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Poland}}{{anchor|Poland}}
|波兰
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The use of bitcoin in Poland is not regulated by a legal act at present.{{r|"regulation"|page=Poland}}
----在波兰,目前尚未有法律法规对比特币的使用进行正式的监管。2013年12月18日,波兰财政部的Szymon Woźniak在华沙经济学院的一次会议上发表了关于比特币合法性的官方声明,表示财政部不认为比特币是非法的,并且不希望阻碍其发展。他澄清说,虽然比特币不是非法的,但也不能被视为法定货币,在欧盟指令的背景下,它也不是电子货币。截至2015年1月27日,一些银行关闭了交易比特币的客户账户,并以“犯罪行为的推定”作为原因,其中“犯罪行为”可能是指“加密货币交易”。
 
截至2017年7月7日,波兰国家银行(NBP)和金融监管局(KNF)就虚拟“货币”发表了评论。他们强调,虚拟货币(包括比特币):(1)不是由中央银行发行或保证的,(2)不是货币,即它们既不是法定货币也不是通货,(3)不能用于支付税务义务,(4)在购物和服务点中不符合普遍接受的标准,(5)不是电子货币,(6)不是支付服务(在法律上),(7)不是金融工具(在法律上)。他们补充说,在波兰交易虚拟货币并不违反国家或欧盟法律,但拥有虚拟“货币”涉及许多风险:(1)由于盗窃可能导致资金损失的风险,(2)缺乏保障的风险,(3)普遍接受性缺乏的风险,(4)欺诈可能性的风险,(5)价格波动风险高的风险。因此,波兰国家银行和金融监管局警告公众不要购买虚拟货币或投资其中,金融机构在与虚拟货币“交易”实体进行接触和合作时应谨慎。
Szymon Woźniak of the [[Ministry of Finance (Poland)|Ministry of Finance]] made an official announcement on the 合法性 of bitcoin on 18 December 2013 at a conference at the [[Warsaw School of Economics]] stating that the Ministry of Finance does not consider bitcoin 不合法 and does not want to hinder its development.<ref name="pil biznesu">{{cite web|title=MinFin: Bitcoin nie jest nielegalny|date=18 December 2013|access-date=18 December 2013|url=https://www.pb.pl/minfin-bitcoin-nie-jest-nielegalny-740041|publisher=Puls Biznesu|archive-date=5 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405222544/https://www.pb.pl/minfin-bitcoin-nie-jest-nielegalny-740041|url-status=live}}</ref> He clarified that while not 不合法, bitcoin cannot be considered [[legal tender]], and, in the light of the directives of the European Union, it is neither [[electronic money]].<ref name="pil biznesu" /> As of 27 January 2015, several banks have closed accounts of clients trading bitcoin, and indicated "presumption of criminal offense" as the cause, with "criminal offense" presumably being "cryptocurrency trade".<ref>{{cite news|title=Banks closed current accounts for Bitcoin trade|language=pl|date=27 January 2015|access-date=28 January 2015|url=http://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Banki-zamykaja-ROR-y-za-obrot-bitcoinami-7233425.html|publisher=bankier.pl|archive-date=2 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190402105359/https://www.bankier.pl/wiadomosc/Banki-zamykaja-ROR-y-za-obrot-bitcoinami-7233425.html|url-status=live}}</ref> As of 7 July 2017, the National Bank of Poland ([[National Bank of Poland|NBP]]) and Financial Supervision Authority  ([[Financial Supervision Authority (Poland)|KNF]]) issued a comment on virtual "currencies".<ref>{{cite web|title=Komunikat Narodowego Banku Polskiego i Komisji Nadzoru Finansowego w sprawie "walut" wirtualnych|language=pl|date=7 July 2017|access-date=31 July 2017|url=http://www.nbp.pl/home.aspx?f=/aktualnosci/wiadomosci_2017/ww-pl.html|publisher=nbp.pl|archive-date=29 March 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190329071517/http://www.nbp.pl/home.aspx?f=/aktualnosci/wiadomosci_2017/ww-pl.html|url-status=live}}</ref> They underlined that virtual currencies (including bitcoin): (1) are not issued or guaranteed by the central bank, (2) are not money, i.e. they are neither legal tender nor currency, (3) can not be used to pay tax liabilities, (4) do not meet the criterion of universal acceptability in shopping and service points, (5) are not electronic money, (6) are not payment services (in legal terms), (7) are not financial instruments (in legal terms). They added that trading virtual currencies in Poland does not violate national or EU law, however, having virtual "currencies", involves many risks: (1) risk related to the possibility of loss of funds due to theft, (2) risk related to lack of guarantee, (3) risk of lack of universal acceptability, (4) risk related to the possibility of fraud, (5) risk of high price change. Because of these risks, the NBP and KNF warn against buying virtual currencies and investing in them. The NBP and KNF recognize that the purchase, possession and sale of virtual currencies by entities supervised by the KNF (e.g. banks) would be burdened with high risk and would not ensure a stable and prudent management of the financial institution. Financial institutions should be cautious about engaging and cooperating with virtual currency "trading" entities.
|-
|-
|{{flag|Romania}}{{anchor|Romania}}
|罗马尼亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----As of March 2015, an official statement of the Romanian National Bank mentioned that "using digital currencies as payment has certain risks for the financial system".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Banca Naţională a României|url=http://www.bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10016|website=www.bnr.ro|access-date=3 February 2016|archive-date=4 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904072759/http://www.bnr.ro/page.aspx?prid=10016|url-status=live}}</ref>
----截至2015年3月,罗马尼亚国家银行的官方声明提到,“使用数字货币作为支付方式对金融系统存在一定的风险”。


In October 2017, the National Fiscal Administration Agency (ANAF) declared that there is a lack of a legislative framework around bitcoin, and therefore, it is unable to create a tax regulation framework for it as well (implying no taxation).<ref>{{Cite web|title=Evenimentul Zilei: Tranzacțiile cu monedele BITCOIN nu sunt impozitate de FINANȚE! Un hacker inculpat de DIICOT a învins Statul la acest capitol|url=http://evz.ro/tranzactiile-cu-monedele-bitcoin-nu-sunt-impozitate-de-finante-u.html|website=evz.ro|date=18 October 2017|access-date=6 December 2017|archive-date=6 December 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171206200441/http://evz.ro/tranzactiile-cu-monedele-bitcoin-nu-sunt-impozitate-de-finante-u.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
2017年10月,罗马尼亚国家财政管理局(ANAF)宣布,由于比特币缺乏立法框架,因此无法为其制定税收管理框架(即暗示不征税)。


In January 2019, Law nr. 30/2019 clarifies that starting in 2019, income from trading "virtual currency" is classified under "income from other sources". In addition, there is a new subpoint, Article 116. (2) c), specifying that the income tax of 10% is only applied on the "positive difference between the selling price and acquisition price" (and not to the entire received amount from a sale). In addition, profits under 200 RON per transaction that total under 600 RON during a fiscal year are exempt from tax.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Legea nr. 227/2015 privind Codul fiscal - ART. 116 - Declararea, stabilirea și plata impozitului pentru unele venituri din alte surse|url=https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/Cod_fiscal_norme_30012019.htm#A116|access-date=19 February 2019|archive-date=20 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220063020/https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/Cod_fiscal_norme_30012019.htm#A116|url-status=live}}</ref>
2019年1月,法律第30/2019号明确规定,从2019年开始,从交易“虚拟货币”获得的收入被分类为“其他来源的收入”。此外,新增的第116条(2) c)款明确规定,所得税率为10%,仅适用于“销售价格与收购价格之间的正差”(而不适用于销售所得的整个金额)。此外,每笔交易利润低于200罗马尼亚列伦且全年总额低于600罗马尼亚列伦的交易免征税。
|-
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|{{flag|Slovakia}}{{anchor|Slovakia}}
|斯洛伐克
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The National Bank of Slovakia (NBS), stated<ref name="NBS2015">{{cite web|title=Niekoľko úvah k virtuálnej mene bitcoin|url=http://www.bitcoinroot.com/The%20National%20Bank%20of%20Slovakia%20(NBS)%20statement%20about%20Bitcoin.pdf|publisher=Slovak National Bank|access-date=24 March 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101322/http://www.bitcoinroot.com/The%20National%20Bank%20of%20Slovakia%20(NBS)%20statement%20about%20Bitcoin.pdf|archive-date=2 April 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> that bitcoin does not have the legal attributes of a currency, and therefore it cannot be considered a currency.{{refn|Translated from: "...bitcoin nespĺňa atribúty meny v právnom zmysle (jeho platnosť na určitom území nie je mocensky ustanovená, právny poriadok neupravuje jej obeh ani ochranu), zastávame názor, že ho nie je možné označovať za menu."|group=note}} European legislation, including the Slovak law, does not define the activities associated with virtual currency. Such activities are not regulated and supervised by the National Bank of Slovakia or the European Central Bank. At the same time NBS points out that any legal person or natural person in the Slovak Republic shall not issue any notes or any other coins. Unlawful manufacturing of banknotes and coins and putting them into circulation is punishable by law. In this context, NBS points out that virtual currencies have not a physical counterpart in the form of legal tender and participation in such a scheme (virtual currency) is at your own risk. Exchanges or purchases of virtual currencies represent the business risk of investors and investors' money are not protected. For any compensation of losses caused by such exchanges or purchases there is no legal entitlement.
----斯洛伐克国家银行(NBS)指出,比特币不具备货币的法律属性,因此不能被视为货币。欧洲法律,包括斯洛伐克法律,未定义与虚拟货币相关的活动。这些活动未受斯洛伐克国家银行或欧洲央行的监管和监督。同时,NBS指出,在斯洛伐克共和国,任何法人或自然人不得发行任何纸币或其他硬币。非法制造纸币和硬币并将其投入流通是受法律惩罚的。在这种背景下,NBS指出,虚拟货币没有法定货币形式的物理对应物,参与这种方案(虚拟货币)存在风险。交易或购买虚拟货币代表投资者的业务风险,投资者的资金并不受到保护。因此,任何由这些交易或购买导致的损失赔偿都没有法律上的要求。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Slovenia}}{{anchor|Slovenia}}
|斯洛文尼亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 23 December 2013 the Slovenian Ministry of Finance made an announcement<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.durs.gov.si/si/davki_predpisi_in_pojasnila/dohodnina_pojasnila/dohodek_iz_kapitala/dobicek_iz_kapitala/vrednostni_papirji_in_delezi_v_gospodarskih_druzbah_zadrugah_in_drugih_oblikah_organiziranja_ter_investicijski_kuponi/davcna_obravnava_poslovanja_z_virtualno_valuto_po_zdoh_2_in_zddpo_2/|title=Davčna obravnava poslovanja z virtualno valuto po ZDoh-2 in ZDDPO-2 &#124; Davčna uprava RS|language=sl|publisher=Durs.gov.si|date=23 December 2013|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328144033/http://www.durs.gov.si/si/davki_predpisi_in_pojasnila/dohodnina_pojasnila/dohodek_iz_kapitala/dobicek_iz_kapitala/vrednostni_papirji_in_delezi_v_gospodarskih_druzbah_zadrugah_in_drugih_oblikah_organiziranja_ter_investicijski_kuponi/davcna_obravnava_poslovanja_z_virtualno_valuto_po_zdoh_2_in_zddpo_2/|archive-date=28 March 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref> stating that bitcoin is neither a currency nor an asset. There is no capital gains tax chargeable on bitcoin, however bitcoin mining is taxed and businesses selling goods/services in bitcoin are also taxed.
----2013年12月23日,斯洛文尼亚财政部发布声明指出,比特币既不是货币也不是资产。比特币不需缴纳资本利得税,但比特币挖矿会受到税收管制,以及以比特币销售商品或提供服务的企业也需缴税。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Switzerland}}{{anchor|Switzerland}}
|瑞士
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Bitcoin businesses in Switzerland are subject to anti-money laundering regulations and in some instances may need to obtain a banking license.<ref name="swiss">{{cite web|url=http://www.finma.ch/e/finma/publikationen/faktenblaetter/Documents/fb-bitcoins-e.pdf|title=Fact sheet Status: Bitcoins|publisher=FINMA: Swiss Financial Market Supervisory Authority|work=finma.ch/|date=25 June 2014|access-date=26 February 2015|quote=The use of bitcoins as a means of paying for goods and services in Switzerland is not regulated|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150211220624/http://www.finma.ch/e/finma/publikationen/faktenblaetter/Documents/fb-bitcoins-e.pdf|archive-date=11 February 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
----瑞士的比特币企业受到反洗钱法规的监管,有时可能需要取得银行许可证。
 
2013年12月5日,瑞士议会的45名成员提出了关于数字可持续性(Pardigli)的提案,呼吁瑞士政府评估比特币在该国金融部门利用的机会。该提案还要求就比特币在增值税、证券和反洗钱法律方面的法律地位进行澄清。
 
作为对议会要求的回应,瑞士联邦委员会于2014年6月发布了关于虚拟货币的报告。报告指出,由于虚拟货币并非处于法律真空中,联邦委员会认为目前不需要采取立法措施。


On 5 December 2013, a proposal was put forth by 45 members of the [[Swiss Parliament]] for digital sustainability (Pardigli), that calls on the Swiss government to evaluate the opportunities for utilization of bitcoin by the country's financial sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.ch/d/suche/Seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20134070|title=Swiss Parliament: Rechtssicherheit für Bitcoin schaffen|publisher=Parlament.ch|access-date=27 December 2013|archive-date=24 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131224105422/http://www.parlament.ch/d/suche/Seiten/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20134070|url-status=live}}</ref> It also seeks clarification on bitcoin's legal standing with respect to [[Value added tax|VAT]], securities and [[anti-money laundering]] laws.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parlament.ch/i/suche/Pagine/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20133854|title=Swiss Parliament: Bitcoin and AML|publisher=Parlament.ch|access-date=16 April 2014|archive-date=16 April 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140416191958/http://www.parlament.ch/i/suche/Pagine/geschaefte.aspx?gesch_id=20133854|url-status=live}}</ref>
2016年,苏黎世州(Zug)将比特币添加为支付市政费用的一种方式,以测试和推进苏黎世州作为未来技术发展的地区。


In response to the parliament postulates, the Swiss [[Federal Council (Switzerland)|Federal Council]] issued a report on virtual currencies in June 2014.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=[[Swiss Confederation]]|title=Federal Council report on virtual currencies in response to the Schwaab (13.3687) and Weibel (13.4070) postulates|work=[[Federal Council (Switzerland)]]|date=25 June 2014|access-date=28 November 2014|url=http://www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/message/attachments/35355.pdf|archive-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160325181819/http://www.news.admin.ch/NSBSubscriber/message/attachments/35355.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> The report states that since virtual currencies are not in a legal vacuum, the Federal Council has concluded that there is no need for legislative measures to be taken at the moment.
瑞士联邦铁路公司(Swiss Federal Railways)在其售票机上出售比特币。


In 2016, [[Zug, Switzerland|Zug]] added bitcoin as a means of paying city fees, in a test and an attempt to advance Zug as a region that is advancing future technologies.<ref name="dwf20160701">{{cite news|url=http://www.dw.com/en/alpine-crypto-valley-pays-with-bitcoins/a-19371082?|last=Uhlig/jse|first=Christian|title=Alpine 'Crypto Valley' pays with Bitcoins|work=DW Finance|date=1 July 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20160920160330/http://www.dw.com/en/alpine-crypto-valley-pays-with-bitcoins/a-19371082?|archive-date=20 September 2016|access-date=20 September 2016}}</ref> [[Swiss Federal Railways]], government-owned railway company of Switzerland, sells bitcoins at its ticket machines.<ref name="sbb.ch">{{cite web|url=https://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/services/further-services/bitcoin.html|title=SBB: Make quick and easy purchases with Bitcoin|website=Sbb.ch|access-date=5 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170115235119/https://www.sbb.ch/en/station-services/services/further-services/bitcoin.html|archive-date=15 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
2018年,瑞士金融市场监管局(FINMA)表示将采取“平衡的方式”处理加密货币行业,并允许“合法的创新者”在监管环境中运作。


In 2018, [[FINMA]] stated that it would take a "balanced approach" towards the cryptocurrency industry and allow "legitimate innovators to navigate the regulatory landscape". By June 2021, a record number of 100 Exchange Traded Products (ETP) and crypto structured products were offered on the [[SIX Swiss Exchange]] with a total trading value of CHF 4.6 billion.<ref>[https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweizer-boerse-kotiert-bereits-das-hundertste-kryptoprodukt-450198413162 "Schweizer Börse kotiert bereits das hundertste Kryptoprodukt"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611172050/https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/schweizer-boerse-kotiert-bereits-das-hundertste-kryptoprodukt-450198413162|date=11 June 2021}} (in German). ''Tages Anzeiger (Wirtschaft)''. Retrieved 11 June 2021.</ref>
截至2021年6月,瑞士六交所(SIX Swiss Exchange)上已提供了100个交易所交易产品(ETP)和加密货币结构化产品,总交易价值达46亿瑞士法郎,创下历史新高。
|}
|}


==== Eastern Europe ====
==== 东欧 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Albania}}{{anchor|Albania}}
|阿尔巴尼亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----On 21 May 2020, Albania passed a new law to regulate cryptocurrency activities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gazetatema.net/en/albanian-parliament-approves-comprehensive-regulatory-framework-for-cryptocurrencies/|title=Albanian Parliament approves comprehensive regulatory framework for cryptocurrencies|date=21 May 2020|access-date=3 December 2020|website=TemA|archive-date=2 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202135500/http://www.gazetatema.net/en/albanian-parliament-approves-comprehensive-regulatory-framework-for-cryptocurrencies/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2020年5月21日,阿尔巴尼亚通过了一项新法律,旨在规范加密货币活动。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Belarus}}{{anchor|Belarus}}
|白俄罗斯
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----'''The Decree ''On the Development of Digital Economy''''' — the decree of [[Alexander Lukashenko]], the President of the Republic of [[Belarus]], which includes measures to liberalize the conditions for conducting business in the sphere of high technologies.
----关于发展数字经济的法令 - 白俄罗斯共和国总统亚历山大·卢卡申科的法令,其中包括放宽在高科技领域开展业务的条件的措施。
 
The provisions of the decree "On the Development of Digital Economy" create of a legal basis for the circulation of [[digital currencies]] and [[Token coin|tokens]] based on blockchain technology, so that resident companies of the [[Belarus High Technologies Park|High-Tech Park]] can provide the services of stock markets and exchange offices with cryptocurrencies and attract financing through the [[Initial coin offering|ICO]]. For legal entities, the Decree confers the rights to create and place their own tokens, carry out transactions through stock markets and exchange operators; to individuals the Decree gives the right to engage in [[Bitcoin network|mining]], to own tokens, to acquire and change them for [[Belarusian rubel]]s, foreign currency and electronic money, and to bequeath them. Up to 1 Jan In 2023, the Decree excludes revenue and profits from operations with tokens from the taxable base. In relation to individuals, the acquisition and sale of tokens is not considered entrepreneurial activity, and the tokens themselves and income from transactions with them are not subject to declaration. The peculiarity of the introduced regulation is that all operations will have to be carried out through the resident companies of the High-Tech Park.
 
In addition, the decree includes:


* Extension of the validity period of the special legal regime of the High-Tech Park until 1 January 2049, and expansion of the list of activities of resident companies. Under the new rules, developers of [[blockchain]]-based solutions, developers of [[machine learning]] systems based on [[artificial neural networks]], companies from the medical and biotechnological industries, developers of unmanned vehicles, as well as software developers and publishers can become residents. The list of promising areas is unlimited and can be expanded by the decision of the High-Tech Park supervisory board.
“关于发展数字经济”法令的规定为基于区块链技术的数字货币和代币的流通创造了法律基础,以便高科技园区的居民公司可以提供加密货币的股票市场和兑换处的服务,并通过ICO吸引融资。对于法人实体,该法令授予创建和放置自己的代币、通过股票市场和交易所运营商进行交易的权利;该法令赋予个人从事采矿、拥有代币、获取和兑换白俄罗斯卢布、外币和电子货币以及遗赠它们的权利。截至 1 1 日 2023 年,该法令将代币业务的收入和利润排除在应税基数之外。就个人而言,代币的获取和销售不被视为创业活动,代币本身和与他们交易的收入无需申报。引入的法规的特点是,所有业务都必须通过高科技园区的居民公司进行。
* Preservation of existing benefits for resident companies in the High-Tech Park, including the cancellation of the profit tax (instead of which a contribution of 1% of the gross revenues proceeding to the administration of the park is applied), reduced to 9% of the personal income tax rate for employees, and the right to contribute to the Social Protection Fund according to the national average figures, and not the actual salaries.
* Exemption of foreign companies providing marketing, advertising, consulting and other services to the residents of the High-Tech Park from paying [[value-added tax]], as well as paying income tax, which allows to promote IT products of Belarusian companies in foreign markets. To encourage investments, the Decree also exempts foreign companies from the tax on income from the alienation of shares, stakes in the authorized capital and shares in the property of residents of the High-Tech Park (under condition of continuous possession of at least 365 days).
* Introduction of individual [[English law]] institutions for residents of the High-Tech Park, which will make it possible to conclude [[Option (finance)|option contracts]], [[Convertible bond|convertible loan]] agreements, non-competition agreements with employees, agreements with responsibility for enticing employees, irrevocable powers of attorney and other documents common in international practice. This measure is aimed at simplifying the structuring of transactions with foreign capital.
* Simplification of the regime of currency transactions for residents of the High-Tech Park, including the introduction of a notification procedure for currency transactions, the cancellation of the mandatory written form of foreign trade transactions, the introduction of confirmation of the conducted operations by primary documents drawn up unilaterally. Also, the decree removes restrictions on resident companies for transactions with [[Digital currency|electronic money]] and allows opening accounts in foreign banks and credit and financial organizations without obtaining permission from the [[National Bank of the Republic of Belarus]].
* Simplification of the procedure for recruiting qualified foreign specialists by resident companies of the High-Tech Park, including the abolition of the recruitment permit, the simplified procedure for obtaining a work permit, and the visa-free regime for the founders and employees of resident companies with a term of continuous stay of up to 180 days.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}}
|-
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|{{flag|Georgia}}{{anchor|Georgia}}
|格鲁吉亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Based on the public decision issued by the [[Ministry of Finance of Georgia]] in 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4601215?publication=0|title=კრიპტოაქტივის და მის მოსაპოვებლად გამოთვლითი სიჩქარის (სიმძლავრის) მიწოდების ოპერაციების გადასახადებით დაბეგვრის თაობაზე - Matsne.gov.ge|date=28 June 2019|access-date=|website=|publisher=|last=|first=|archive-date=21 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211021130415/https://matsne.gov.ge/ka/document/view/4601215?publication=0|url-status=live}}</ref> crypto, by its very nature, is not "sourced" in any specific geographical location, meaning that it is not considered "Georgian sourced". This type of income would come under the 0% tax on capital gains derived from crypto trading laws.{{Citation needed|date=April 2024}}
----根据格鲁吉亚财政部2019年发布的公开决定,加密货币本质上不属于任何特定的地理位置,“源自”也就不会被视为“源自格鲁吉亚”。这类收入将适用于零税率的法律,即来自加密货币交易的资本利得不需要缴纳税款。
|-
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|{{flag|Kosovo}}{{anchor|Kosovo}}
|科索沃
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] Ban on mining<ref>{{Cite web|date=2022-01-16|title=Panic as Kosovo pulls the plug on its energy-guzzling bitcoin miners|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/16/panic-as-kosovo-pulls-the-plug-on-its-energy-guzzling-bitcoin-miners|access-date=2022-01-22|website=the Guardian|language=en|archive-date=21 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220121105412/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/jan/16/panic-as-kosovo-pulls-the-plug-on-its-energy-guzzling-bitcoin-miners|url-status=live}}</ref>
|[[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 禁止挖矿
----In January 2022, coinciding with an energy crisis, Kosovo outlawed all cryptocurrency mining. According to ''BBC News'', cryptocurrency mining "is particularly popular in northern areas of Kosovo, where ethnic Serbs do not recognise the state's independence and refuse to pay electricity bills".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kosovo bans cryptocurrency mining after blackouts|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59879760|access-date=6 January 2022|work=BBC News|date=5 January 2022|archive-date=6 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106002651/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-59879760|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2022年1月,与能源危机同时发生的科索沃禁止了所有的加密货币挖矿活动。根据BBC News的报道,加密货币挖矿“在科索沃北部地区特别受欢迎,那里的塞族族群不承认科索沃的独立地位,并拒绝支付电费”。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Russia}}{{anchor|Russia}}
|俄罗斯
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 挖矿合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 挖矿合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]] 央行不鼓励使用
----On December 11, 2020, [[Vladimir Putin]] ordered public officials to declare any cryptocurrency holdings and digital assets starting from January 1, 2021.<ref>{{cite news|title=Putin orders public officials to declare digital assets|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-cryptocurrencies/putin-orders-public-officials-to-declare-digital-assets-idINL8N2IR4B7|work=Reuters|date=11 December 2020|language=en|access-date=22 June 2023|archive-date=22 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230622001840/https://www.reuters.com/article/russia-cryptocurrencies/putin-orders-public-officials-to-declare-digital-assets-idINL8N2IR4B7|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2020年12月11日,弗拉基米尔·普京下令公务员从2021年1月1日起申报所有的加密货币持有和数字资产。截至2021年,普京表示俄罗斯接受了加密货币的角色,并且认为加密货币可以用于支付。
 
As of 2021, Putin said Russia accepts the role of cryptocurrencies, and that cryptocurrencies can be used for payment.<ref>[https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-14/putin-defends-cryptocurrencies-amid-global-regulation-push Putin Says He Accepts Crypto’s Role in Making Payments] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211014235206/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-10-14/putin-defends-cryptocurrencies-amid-global-regulation-push|date=14 October 2021}}, Bloomberg News, 14 October 2021, retrieved 15 October 2021.</ref>
 
As of November 2016, bitcoins were "not 不合法" according to the Federal Tax Service of Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://npaed.ru/en/|title=An unofficial translation of the letter from the Federal Tax Service of Russia "On the measures regarding the exercise of control over the circulation of cryptocurrencies"|publisher=Russian E-Money Association|access-date=20 December 2016|archive-date=25 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180825143215/http://npaed.ru/en/|url-status=live}}</ref>  Deputy Finance Minister of the Russian Federation Alexei Moiseev said in September 2017 it's "probably 不合法" to accept cryptocurrency payments.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.interfax.ru/business/578355|title=Замминистра финансов РФ назвал незаконными расчеты в криптовалютах|date=8 September 2017|work=Interfax.ru|access-date=16 September 2017|language=ru-RU|archive-date=3 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190403104507/https://www.interfax.ru/business/578355|url-status=live}}</ref> However, bitcoin market sites are blocked, and court decisions state that bitcoin is a currency surrogate which is outlawed in the territory of the Russian Federation.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://primorsky--spb.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=sud_delo&srv_num=1&name_op=doc&number=84460799&delo_id=1540005&new=&text_number=1|title=Приморский районный суд города Санкт-Петербурга|website=Primorsky--spb.sudrf.ru|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=18 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200518074137/https://primorsky--spb.sudrf.ru/modules.php?name=sud_delo&srv_num=1&name_op=doc&number=84460799&delo_id=1540005&new=&text_number=1|url-status=live}}</ref>


From the point of view of the current Russian legislation, cryptocurrency is a monetary substitute. According to article 27 of the Federal Law "On the Central Bank of the Russian Federation (Bank of Russia)", the issue of monetary surrogates in the Russian Federation is prohibited.<ref>{{cite web|title=On the use of private "virtual currencies" (cryptocurrencies)|url=https://www.cbr.ru/press/PR/?file=27012014_1825052.htm|publisher=Press Service of The Central Bank of Russia|date=27 January 2014|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=12 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912074356/http://cbr.ru/press/PR/?file=27012014_1825052.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
然而,根据俄罗斯联邦税务局于2016年11月的说法,比特币“不属于非法”。俄罗斯联邦副财政部长亚历克谢·莫伊塞耶夫在2017年9月表示,接受加密货币支付“可能是非法的”。尽管如此,比特币市场网站被屏蔽,法院的裁决指出比特币是一种货币替代品,在俄罗斯领土上是非法的。


The Central Bank of Russia and Rosfinmonitoring in their informational appeals have repeatedly warned Russian citizens that all operations with cryptocurrency are speculative and carry a high risk of loss of value. The Central Bank of Russia states that: "Most operations with cryptocurrencies are performed outside the legal regulation of both the Russian Federation and most other states. Cryptocurrencies are not guaranteed or provided by the Bank of Russia."<ref>{{cite web|title=On the use of "virtual currencies" in transactions, in particular, Bitcoin|url=https://www.cbr.ru/press/pr/?file=04092017_183512if2017-09-04T18_31_05.htm|publisher=Press Service of The Central Bank of Russia|date=4 September 2017|access-date=17 January 2020|archive-date=8 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908060804/http://www.cbr.ru/press/pr/?file=04092017_183512if2017-09-04T18_31_05.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
根据俄罗斯现行法律,加密货币被视为货币替代品。根据俄罗斯联邦《关于俄罗斯联邦中央银行(俄罗斯银行)》第27条的规定,禁止在俄罗斯联邦领土内发行货币替代品。俄罗斯中央银行和俄罗斯联邦金融监管局在其信息呼吁中多次警告俄罗斯公民,所有与加密货币相关的操作都具有投机性质,存在高价值损失的风险。中央银行声明:“大多数加密货币交易在俄罗斯联邦和大多数其他国家都处于法律监管之外。加密货币未经俄罗斯银行保证或提供。”


A bill on digital financial assets was introduced in the [[State Duma]] on 20 March 2018. It defines cryptocurrency mining as "activities aimed at the creation of cryptocurrency with the purpose of receiving compensation in the form of cryptocurrency." and treats it as an "entrepreneurial activity subject to taxation if the miner exceeds the energy consumption limits established by the government for three months in a row."
2018年3月20日,俄罗斯国家杜马提出了一项关于数字金融资产的法案。该法案将比特币分类为财产,而非法定货币。允许通过持有许可的运营商交换加密货币和卢布以及外币。该法案还对智能合约进行了定义。


In the bill, bitcoins are classified as property and are not considered legal tender. The exchange of cryptocurrency for [[Russian rouble|roubles]] and foreign currency is allowed but only through licensed operators. The bill also provides a definition of a smart contract.{{citation needed|date=January 2022}}
然而,到了2022年1月,俄罗斯中央银行提议禁止“所有加密货币的发行和操作,阻止银行投资于加密货币,阻止加密货币兑换传统货币,并对使用加密货币进行购买引入法律责任”,理由是系统性金融风险。根据彭博新闻和Meduza的报道,俄罗斯联邦安全局说服中央银行禁止加密货币在俄罗斯的使用,因为它们被用于资助反对派和独立媒体。然而,2022年2月,俄罗斯政府最终宣布将支持、合法化和监管加密货币,而不是禁止它们。
 
In January 2022, the [[Central Bank of Russia]] proposed to ban "all cryptocurrency issuance and operations, stop banks from investing in cryptocurrencies, block exchanging crypto for traditional currency, and introduce legal liability for using crypto in purchases" citing systemic financial risk.<ref name="pyramid">{{Cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/54433e18-7442-4804-9fec-f0f934bf8b4e|title=Russia's central bank proposes ban on crypto trading and mining|first1=Max|last1=Seddon|first2=Eva|last2=Szalay|newspaper=Financial Times|date=20 January 2022|access-date=28 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128072458/https://www.ft.com/content/54433e18-7442-4804-9fec-f0f934bf8b4e|url-status=live}}</ref> According to [[Bloomberg News]] and [[Meduza]], the [[Federal Security Service]] convinced the Central Bank to ban cryptocurrencies in Russia, as they are used to finance [[Opposition to Vladimir Putin in Russia|the opposition]] and [[Media freedom in Russia#Political pressure on independent media|independent media]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Bank of Russia Seeks to Outlaw Mining and Trading of Crypto|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-20/russia-s-fsb-tells-nabiullina-to-ban-crypto-to-defund-opposition|access-date=2022-01-20|newspaper=Bloomberg.com|date=20 January 2022|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128172243/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-01-20/russia-s-fsb-tells-nabiullina-to-ban-crypto-to-defund-opposition|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Bloomberg: ФСБ убедила Центробанк запретить криптовалюты в России, так как они используются для финансирования "иностранных агентов"|url=https://meduza.io/news/2022/01/20/bloomberg-fsb-ubedila-tsentrobank-zapretit-kriptovalyuty-v-rossii-tak-kak-oni-ispolzuyutsya-dlya-finansirovaniya-inostrannyh-agentov|access-date=2022-01-20|website=Meduza|language=ru|archive-date=28 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220128094320/https://meduza.io/news/2022/01/20/bloomberg-fsb-ubedila-tsentrobank-zapretit-kriptovalyuty-v-rossii-tak-kak-oni-ispolzuyutsya-dlya-finansirovaniya-inostrannyh-agentov|url-status=live}}</ref> In February 2022, the Russian government eventually announced it would support, legalize, and regulate cryptocurrencies, and not ban them.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Press review: What Macron told Zelensky and Russia moves to regulate cryptocurrency|url=https://tass.com/pressreview/1400067|access-date=2022-02-09|website=TASS|archive-date=9 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220209163858/https://tass.com/pressreview/1400067|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Ukraine}}{{anchor|Ukraine}}
|乌克兰
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]]  不合法 to buy with local currency
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法 / [[文件:X_mark.svg|17x17像素]]  禁止本地货币购买
----On 16 March 2022, the president of Ukraine signed the Virtual Asset Bill into law.<ref>[https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/17/ukraine-legalizes-cryptocurrency-sector-as-donations-pour-in.html Ukraine legalizes crypto sector as digital currency donations continue to pour in] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220329165730/https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/17/ukraine-legalizes-cryptocurrency-sector-as-donations-pour-in.html|date=29 March 2022}}, 17 March 2022</ref> On 22 April, the Central Bank banned purchasing cryptocurrencies with local currency and made the monthly limit of $3300 for purchases with foreign currencies.<ref>[https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/ukraine-bitcoin-ban-local-currency-hyrvnia-capital-flight-russia-war-2022-4 Ukraine's central bank is banning bitcoin purchases made with the hyrvnia to prevent capital from fleeing the war-ravaged country] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220422224403/https://markets.businessinsider.com/news/currencies/ukraine-bitcoin-ban-local-currency-hyrvnia-capital-flight-russia-war-2022-4|date=22 April 2022}}, 22 April 2022</ref>
----2022年3月16日,乌克兰总统签署了《虚拟资产法案》成为法律。随后,2022年4月22日,乌克兰央行禁止使用本地货币购买加密货币,并规定每月外币购买限额为3300美元。
|}
|}


==== Northern Europe ====
==== 北欧 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Denmark}}{{anchor|Denmark}}
|丹麦
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Denmark's [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Denmark)|Financial Supervisory Authority]] issued a statement declaring that bitcoin is not a currency and stating that it will not regulate its use.{{r|"regulation"|page=Denmark}}
----丹麦金融监管局发表声明,宣称比特币不是货币,并表示不会对其使用进行监管。


On 17 December 2013, Denmark's Financial Supervisory Authority (FSA) has issued a statement that echoes [[European Banking Authority|EBA]]'s warning. {{As of|2017}}, FSA says that doing business with bitcoin does not fall under its regulatory authority and therefore FSA does not prevent anyone from opening such businesses.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.finanstilsynet.dk/da/Nyhedscenter/Pressemeddelelser/2013/Advarsel-mod-virtuelle-valutaer-bitcom-mfl-2013.aspx|title=Advarsel mod virtuelle valutaer|trans-title=Warning against virtual currencies|publisher=Financial Supervisory Authority|date=17 December 2013|language=da|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217113641/http://www.finanstilsynet.dk/da/Nyhedscenter/Pressemeddelelser/2013/Advarsel-mod-virtuelle-valutaer-bitcom-mfl-2013.aspx|archive-date=17 December 2013}}</ref> FSA's chief legal adviser says that Denmark might consider amending existing financial legislation to cover virtual currencies.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwartzkopff|first=Frances|title=Bitcoins Spark Regulatory Crackdown as Denmark Drafts Rules|url=http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-12-17/bitcoin-rules-drafted-in-denmark-as-regulator-warns-against-use|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131218191849/http://www.businessweek.com/news/2013-12-17/bitcoin-rules-drafted-in-denmark-as-regulator-warns-against-use|url-status=dead|archive-date=18 December 2013|access-date=24 December 2013}}</ref>
2013年12月17日,丹麦金融监管局(FSA)发表了一份与欧洲银行管理局(EBA)警告类似的声明。截至2017年,FSA表示与比特币相关的业务不在其监管权限范围内,因此不会阻止任何人开展这类业务。FSA的首席法律顾问表示,丹麦可能考虑修改现有的金融立法以涵盖虚拟货币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Estonia}}{{anchor|Estonia}}
|爱沙尼亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In Estonia, the use of bitcoins is not regulated or otherwise controlled by the government.{{r|"regulation"|page=Estonia}}
----在爱沙尼亚,比特币的使用不受政府的监管或其他控制。


The [[Ministry of Finance (Estonia)|Estonian Ministry of Finance]] have concluded that there is no legal obstacles to use bitcoin-like crypto currencies as payment method. Traders must therefore identify the buyer when establishing a business relationship or if the buyer acquires more than 1,000 euros of the currency in a month.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://majandus24.postimees.ee/3776225/analueues-olemuslikke-takistusi-bitcoini-kasutamise-seadustamiseks-pole|title=Analüüs: olemuslikke takistusi Bitcoini kasutamise seadustamiseks pole|work=Majandus|access-date=15 March 2017|language=et|archive-date=16 March 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170316113337/http://majandus24.postimees.ee/3776225/analueues-olemuslikke-takistusi-bitcoini-kasutamise-seadustamiseks-pole|url-status=live}}</ref>
爱沙尼亚财政部已经得出结论,对于类似比特币的加密货币作为支付方式并无法律障碍。因此,交易商在建立业务关系或者买家每月购买超过1,000欧元的货币时,必须对买家进行身份识别。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Finland}}{{anchor|Finland}}
|芬兰
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The [[Taxation in Finland|Finnish Tax Administration]] has issued instructions for the taxation of virtual currencies, including the bitcoin.{{r|"regulation"|page=Finland}}<ref name="veroohje">{{cite web|url=https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ohje-hakusivu/48411/virtuaalivaluuttojen_tuloverotu/|title=Virtuaalivaluuttojen tuloverotus|website=Verohallinto|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=22 August 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170822170627/https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ohje-hakusivu/48411/virtuaalivaluuttojen_tuloverotu/|url-status=live}}</ref> Rather than a currency or a security, a bitcoin transaction is considered a private contract equivalent to a [[contract for difference]] for tax purposes. Purchases of goods with bitcoin or conversion of bitcoin into legal currency "realizes" the value and any increase in price will be taxable; however, losses are not tax-deductible. Mined bitcoin is considered earned income.<ref name="veroohje" />
----芬兰税务管理局已经发布了关于虚拟货币(包括比特币)税务处理的指导方针。根据这些指导方针,比特币交易被视为一种私人合同,类似于差价合约,用于购买商品或转换为法定货币时会实现其价值,任何价格上涨都将应税,但亏损不能用于税收抵扣。挖掘到的比特币被视为劳动收入。


Ruling 034/2014 by the Finnish Central Board of Taxes (CBT) stated that commission fees charged on bitcoin purchases by an exchange market were, under the EU VAT Directive, banking services and therefore VAT exempt. This is because the court classified bitcoins as payment instruments - whereas most countries treat their use as an unregulated method for the exchange of goods, or even as a crime.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3400689/Tax-Disputes/Finland-recognises-Bitcoin-services-as-VAT-exempt.html|title=Finland recognises Bitcoin services as VAT exempt|author=Joe Stanley-Smith|date=14 November 2014|access-date=15 November 2014|publisher=International Tax Review|archive-date=18 November 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141118034035/http://www.internationaltaxreview.com/Article/3400689/Tax-Disputes/Finland-recognises-Bitcoin-services-as-VAT-exempt.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ennakkoratkaisut/54360/kvl034201/|title=KVL:034/2014|website=Verohallinto|access-date=22 March 2019|archive-date=31 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731225540/https://www.vero.fi/syventavat-vero-ohjeet/ennakkoratkaisut/54360/kvl034201/|url-status=live}}</ref>
此外,芬兰中央税务委员会(CBT)在2014年的第034/2014号裁决中指出,交易所在比特币购买中收取的佣金费用根据欧盟增值税指令被视为银行服务,因此免征增值税。这是因为法院将比特币分类为支付工具,而大多数国家则将其视为未受监管的货币交换方式,甚至认为其可能涉及犯罪行为。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Iceland}}{{anchor|Iceland}}
|冰岛
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----According to a 2014 opinion, from the [[Central Bank of Iceland]] "there is no authorization to purchase foreign currency from financial institutions in Iceland or to transfer foreign currency across borders on the basis of transactions with virtual currency. For this reason alone, transactions with virtual currency are subject to restrictions in Iceland."<ref name="icy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cb.is/publications-news-and-speeches/news-and-speeches/news/2014/03/19/Significant-risk-attached-to-use-of-virtual-currency/|title=Significant risk attached to use of virtual currency|publisher=The Central Bank of Iceland|work=cb.is|date=19 March 2014|access-date=17 June 2015|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411145710/https://www.cb.is/publications-news-and-speeches/news-and-speeches/news/2014/03/19/Significant-risk-attached-to-use-of-virtual-currency|url-status=dead}}</ref> This does not stop<ref>{{cite news|author1=Fidel Martinez|author2=Rob Wile|title=U.S. hesitation is chasing Bitcoin to Europe|url=http://fusion.net/story/17405/u-s-hesitation-is-chasing-bitcoin-to-europe/|access-date=8 January 2015|date=23 September 2014|archive-date=27 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827133834/http://fusion.net/story/17405/u-s-hesitation-is-chasing-bitcoin-to-europe/|url-status=dead}}</ref> businesses in Iceland from mining bitcoins.<ref name="NYT1214">{{cite news|author1=Nathaniel Popper|title=Into the Bitcoin Mines|url=https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/into-the-bitcoin-mines/|access-date=9 December 2014|work=Deal Book New York Times|publisher=New York Times Company|date=21 December 2013|archive-date=3 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503131604/https://dealbook.nytimes.com/2013/12/21/into-the-bitcoin-mines/|url-status=live}}</ref> The Icelandic Central Bank confirmed that "it is prohibited to engage in foreign exchange trading with the electronic currency bitcoin, according to the Icelandic Foreign Exchange Act".<ref name="mbl.is">{{cite news|title=Höftin stöðva viðskipti með Bitcoin (Controls suspend trading in bitcoin)|work=mbl.is|publisher=Morgunblaðið|language=is|date=19 December 2013|access-date=19 December 2013|url=http://www.mbl.is/vidskipti/frettir/2013/12/19/hoftin_stodva_vidskipti_med_bitcoin/|archive-date=26 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181126075949/https://www.mbl.is/vidskipti/frettir/2013/12/19/hoftin_stodva_vidskipti_med_bitcoin/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----根据2014年冰岛中央银行的意见,“在冰岛,没有授权从金融机构购买外币或基于虚拟货币进行跨境转账的权限。仅因此,虚拟货币交易在冰岛受到限制。”然而,这并未阻止冰岛的企业进行比特币挖矿活动。
 
冰岛中央银行确认,“根据冰岛外汇法,禁止使用电子货币比特币进行外汇交易。”


On 12 March 2017, the Central Bank amended its rules. With the new rules, wide and general exemptions have been granted from the restrictions of the Foreign Exchange Act No. 87/1992.<ref name="CB">{{cite web|url=https://www.government.is/library/Files/greinargerd_okt17-2_enska.pdf|title=Progress of the Plan for Removal of Capital Controls|publisher=The Ministry of Finance|work=ministryoffinance.is|date=25 April 2017|access-date=5 June 2017|archive-date=11 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180411152147/https://www.government.is/library/Files/greinargerd_okt17-2_enska.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
2017年3月12日,冰岛中央银行修改了其规则。新规定为外汇法第87/1992号提供了广泛和一般性的豁免。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Lithuania}}{{anchor|Lithuania}}
|立陶宛
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----[[Bank of Lithuania]] released a warning on 31 January 2014, that bitcoin is not recognized as legal tender in [[Lithuania]] and that bitcoin users should be aware of the high risks that come with the usage of it.<ref name="BL2014">{{cite news|title=Lietuvos bankas apsisprendė dėl bitkoinų|url=http://vz.lt/article/2014/1/31/lietuvos-bankas-perspeja-del-bitkoinu|date=31 January 2014|publisher=Verslo žinios|access-date=31 January 2014|archive-date=9 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709140206/http://vz.lt/article/2014/1/31/lietuvos-bankas-perspeja-del-bitkoinu|url-status=live}}</ref>
----立陶宛银行于2014年1月31日发布警告称,比特币在立陶宛不被认可为法定货币,并提醒比特币用户应意识到使用它所带来的高风险。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Norway}}{{anchor|Norway}}
|挪威
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The [[Norwegian Tax Administration]] stated in December 2013 that they do not define bitcoin as money but regard it as an [[asset]]. Profits are subjected to wealth tax. In business, use of bitcoin falls under the [[sales tax]] regulation.<ref>Saleha Mohsin (13 December 2013) [https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-12/bitcoins-fail-real-money-test-in-scandinavia-s-wealthiest-nation.html Bitcoins Fail Currency Test in Scandinavia’s Richest Nation] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141228194531/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-12-12/bitcoins-fail-real-money-test-in-scandinavia-s-wealthiest-nation.html|date=28 December 2014}} Bloomberg. Retrieved 13 December 2013</ref>
----挪威税务管理局在2013年12月表示,他们不将比特币定义为货币,而是视其为资产。因此,比特币的收益需缴纳财富税。在商业中,使用比特币则需遵守销售税法规。
 
挪威政府在2017年2月表示,他们不会对比特币的购买或销售征收增值税。
The Norwegian government stated in February 2017 that they would not levy VAT on the purchase or sale of bitcoin.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/bitcoin-er-unntatt-fra-merverdiavgift/id2538128/|title=Bitcoin er unntatt fra merverdiavgift|last=Finansdepartementet|date=9 February 2017|website=Regjeringen.no|language=no|access-date=2 April 2017|archive-date=15 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215122033/https://www.regjeringen.no/no/aktuelt/bitcoin-er-unntatt-fra-merverdiavgift/id2538128/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Sweden}}{{anchor|Sweden}}
|瑞典
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The [[Swedish Tax Agency]] has given a preliminary ruling on Value Added Tax (VAT) on bitcoins, stating that trade in bitcoins is not subject to Swedish VAT, but is instead subject to the Finansinspektionen (Financial Supervisory Authority) regulations and treated as a currency. The decision has been appealed by the Swedish Tax Authority.{{r|"regulation"|page=Sweden}}
----瑞典税务局对比特币增值税(VAT)发表了初步裁决,表示比特币交易不适用瑞典增值税,而是受到瑞典金融监管局(Finansinspektionen)的监管,并被视为一种货币。这一决定已被瑞典税务局上诉。
 
总体而言,瑞典的法律体系对比特币企业和用户相对较为友好,与欧盟及全球其他国家相比。瑞典金融监管局已公开承认比特币和其他数字货币作为支付手段,并合法化了这一快速发展的行业。对于与法定货币交互的某些业务(主要是交易所),目前的法规规定必须申请批准或许可,并且必须遵循适用于传统金融服务提供者的所有反洗钱(AML)、打击恐怖融资(CTF)和了解您的客户(KYC)法规。
The Swedish jurisdiction is in general quite favorable for bitcoin businesses and users as compared to other countries within the EU and the rest of the world. The governmental regulatory and supervisory body [[Financial Supervisory Authority (Sweden)|Swedish Financial Supervisory Authority]] (Finansinspektionen) have legitimized the fast growing industry by publicly proclaiming bitcoin and other digital currencies as a means of payment. For certain businesses interacting with [[Fiat money|fiat]] (mainly exchanges) the current regulation dictates that an application for approval/license must be filed and all the AML/CTF and KYC regulations applicable to more traditional financial service providers must be followed.
|}
|}


==== Southern Europe ====
==== 南欧 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}{{anchor|Bosnia and Herzegovina}}
|波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----No regulation on the use of bitcoins.
----没有关于使用比特币的规定。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Bulgaria}}{{anchor|Bulgaria}}
|保加利亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----There is not a single word in Bulgarian laws about bitcoin. People owe 10% tax if they made a profit trading.
----保加利亚法律中没有一个关于比特币的字眼。如果人们在交易中获利,则应缴纳 10% 的税款。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Cyprus}}{{anchor|Cyprus}}
|塞浦路斯
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The use of bitcoin is not regulated in Cyprus.{{r|"regulation"|page=Cyprus}}
----比特币的使用在塞浦路斯不受监管。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Greece}}{{anchor|Greece}}
|希腊
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----No specific legislation on bitcoins exists in Greece.{{r|"regulation"|page=Greece}}
----希腊没有关于比特币的具体立法。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Italy}}{{anchor|Italy}}
|意大利
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Italy does not regulate bitcoin use by private individuals.{{r|"regulation"|page=Italy}}
----意大利不规范个人使用比特币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Malta}}{{anchor|Malta}}
|马耳他
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----{{As of|2017}}, Malta does not have any regulations specifically pertaining to bitcoins.{{r|"regulation"|page=Malta}} In 2017, the country's prime minister [[Joseph Muscat]] announced the approval of a national strategy to promote bitcoin and blockchain technology. Muscat specifically addressed the bitcoin blockchain's ability to handle, store and process sensitive data in an immutable and decentralized ecosystem.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/technology/76459/malta_set_for_revolutionary_national_blockchain_strategy_#.WP8gSojyhPZ/|title=Malta set for 'revolutionary' national blockchain strategy|last1=Diacono|first1=Tim|date=20 April 2017|work=MaltaToday|access-date=25 April 2017|archive-date=24 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190624141015/http://www.maltatoday.com.mt/business/technology/76459/malta_set_for_revolutionary_national_blockchain_strategy_#.WP8gSojyhPZ/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----截至2017年,马耳他没有针对比特币的特定法规。2017年,该国总理约瑟夫·马斯喀特宣布批准了一项促进比特币和区块链技术的国家战略。马斯喀特特别强调了比特币区块链在处理、存储和处理敏感数据方面的能力,以及其在不可篡改和去中心化生态系统中的作用。
|-
|-
|北马其顿
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----北马其顿没有针对比特币或加密货币的特定立法。
2016年,北马其顿共和国国家银行发布了一份新闻稿,宣布对ONECOIN进行了调查,并劝告公民不要投资,因为它很可能是一个诈骗。在同一份新闻稿中,北马其顿国家银行引用了外汇操作法律,但由于加密货币并不构成法律上引用的外汇,因此它们处于未受监管状态。
|-
|-
|{{flag|North Macedonia}}{{anchor|North Macedonia}}
|葡萄牙
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
No specific legislation on bitcoins or cryptocurrency exists in North Macedonia.
----2013年,葡萄牙银行表示比特币不是一种安全的货币,因为其发行缺乏监督或审慎要求。截至2014年,葡萄牙对比特币没有具体的法律框架。
 
In 2016, the [[National Bank of North Macedonia|National Bank of the Republic of North Macedonia]] published a press release regarding an investigation it made into ONECOIN, and discouraged the citizens from investing in it since it was most likely a scam. In the same press release, the NBRM quoted the law on Foreign Exchange Operations, but since cryptocurrencies do not constitute a foreign currency as they are quoted by the law, it leaves them unregulated.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.nbrm.mk/ns-newsarticle-soopshtieniie_na_nbrm_28_9_2016.nspx|title=Announcement by NBRM|date=28 September 2016|work=National Bank of Republic of North Macedonia|access-date=21 June 2018|archive-date=23 June 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180623233004/http://www.nbrm.mk/ns-newsarticle-soopshtieniie_na_nbrm_28_9_2016.nspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
|-
|{{flag|Portugal}}{{anchor|Portugal}}
|西班牙
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In 2013, the [[Bank of Portugal]] stated that Bitcoin was not a safe currency, as their issuance lacked oversight or prudential requirements. As of 2014, Portugal had no specific legal framework for Bitcoin. {{r|"regulation"|page=Portugal}}
----比特币交易与易货交易受相同法律的约束。
|-
|{{flag|Spain}}{{anchor|Spain}}
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
----Transactions in bitcoins are subject to the same laws as barter transactions.{{r|"regulation"|page=Spain}}
|}
|}


==== Western Europe ====
==== 西欧 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Belgium}}{{anchor|Belgium}}
|比利时
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In July 2013, the Minister of Finance expressed concerns over the use of Bitcoin for money laundering, but indicated that government intervention did not yet appear necessary.{{r|"regulation"|page=Belgium}}
----在2013年7月,比利时财政部长对比特币用于洗钱表示担忧,但表示政府目前似乎不需要进行干预。
|-
|-
|{{flag|France}}{{anchor|France}}
|法国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The French Ministry of Finance issued regulations on 11 July 2014 pertaining to the operation of virtual currency professionals, exchanges, and taxation.<ref name="France">{{cite web|title=Réguler les monnaies virtuelles|url=http://proxy-pubminefi.diffusion.finances.gouv.fr/pub/document/18/17768.pdf|publisher=Ministre des Finances|access-date=6 June 2016|archive-date=5 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160805082934/http://proxy-pubminefi.diffusion.finances.gouv.fr/pub/document/18/17768.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
----法国财政部于 2014 年 7 月 11 日发布了有关虚拟货币专业人士运营、交易所和税收的法规。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Ireland}}{{anchor|Ireland}}
|爱尔兰
|Not regulated by central bank
|不受中央银行监管
----The [[Central Bank of Ireland]] was quoted in [[Dáil Éireann]] in December 2013 as stating that it does not regulate bitcoin, and that bitcoin is not legal tender in the European Union.{{r|"regulation"|page=Ireland}}
----2013 年 12 月,爱尔兰中央银行在 Dáil Éireann 中表示,它不监管比特币,比特币在欧盟不是法定货币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Luxembourg}}{{anchor|Luxembourg}}
|卢森堡
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The [[Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier]] has issued a communication in February 2014 acknowledging the status of currency to the bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies.<ref name="CSSF-VC">{{cite web|title=Communique virtual currencies|url=http://www.cssf.lu/fileadmin/files/Publications/Communiques/Communiques_2014/Communique__virtual_currencies_140214.pdf|publisher=Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier|access-date=15 October 2015|archive-date=11 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180111192614/http://www.cssf.lu/fileadmin/files/Publications/Communiques/Communiques_2014/Communique__virtual_currencies_140214.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> The first BitLicence was issued in October 2015.<ref>{{Cite news|title=SnapSwap Granted License for EU Operations|url=https://chronicle.lu/category/business-1/13635-snapswap-granted-license-for-eu-operations|last=SG|date=12 October 2015|access-date=6 November 2019|work=Chronicle.lu|archive-date=6 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191106105503/https://chronicle.lu/category/business-1/13635-snapswap-granted-license-for-eu-operations|url-status=live}}</ref>
----金融部门监管委员会(Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier)在2014年2月发布了一份通讯,确认比特币和其他加密货币的货币地位。第一个比特币经营许可证(BitLicence)于2015年10月发布。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Netherlands}}{{anchor|Netherlands}}
|荷兰
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----{{As of|2013}}, "alternative virtual currencies" such as bitcoin are not classified as money and do not fall within the scope of the Act on Financial Supervision of the Netherlands.{{r|"regulation"|page=Netherlands}} When dealing with cryptocurrencies one must declare them and pay taxes to the [[Tax and Customs Administration|Dutch Tax and Customs Administration]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=Cryptocurrencies (like bitcoin)|url=https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/nl/werk-en-inkomen/content/cryptovaluta|last=|date=24 January 2023|access-date=24 January 2023|work=belastingdienst.nl|archive-date=24 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230124115209/https://www.belastingdienst.nl/wps/wcm/connect/nl/werk-en-inkomen/content/cryptovaluta|url-status=live}}</ref>
----截至2013年,荷兰将比特币等“替代虚拟货币”视为非货币,并不在《荷兰金融监管法案》的监管范围内。处理加密货币时,个人必须向荷兰税务和海关总署申报并缴纳税款。
|-
|-
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}{{anchor|United Kingdom}}
|英国
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----{{As of|2013}}, the government of the United Kingdom has stated that bitcoin is unregulated and that it is treated as a 'foreign currency' for most purposes, including VAT/GST.{{r|"regulation"|page=United Kingdom}}
----截至2013年,英国政府表示比特币是未受监管的,并且在大多数情况下被视为“外币”,包括增值税(VAT)/商品与服务税(GST)方面。


Bitcoin is treated as 'private money'.  When bitcoin is exchanged for sterling or for foreign currencies, such as euro or dollar, no VAT will be due on the value of the bitcoins themselves. However, in all instances, VAT will be due in the normal way from suppliers of any goods or services sold in exchange for bitcoin or other similar cryptocurrency. Profits and losses on cryptocurrencies are subject to [[Capital gains tax#United Kingdom|capital gains tax]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Tax treatment of activities involving Bitcoin and other similar cryptocurrencies|url=http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/briefs/vat/brief0914.htm|publisher=HM Revenue & Customs|access-date=11 March 2014|archive-date=9 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140309033700/http://www.hmrc.gov.uk/briefs/vat/brief0914.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
比特币被视为“私人货币”。当比特币兑换成英镑或其他外币,如欧元或美元时,不会对比特币本身的价值征收增值税。然而,无论何种情况下,以比特币或其他类似加密货币交换销售的任何商品或服务的供应商,都需按照正常方式缴纳增值税。对于加密货币的利润和损失,需缴纳资本利得税。


In March 2022, the [[Financial Conduct Authority]] (FCA) declared that all [[Bitcoin ATM|cryptocurrency ATM]]s in the country were 不合法, as none of the ATM's operators had successfully registered with the agency. The FCA cited a failure to comply with [[know your customer]] laws, as well as the high risk to customers, due to a lack of regulation and protection.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Moon|first1=M.|title=UK's financial regulator orders shutdown of all Bitcoin ATMs|url=https://www.engadget.com/uk-orders-bitcoin-atm-shutdown-125830919.html|access-date=11 March 2022|work=Engadget|date=11 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311145437/https://www.engadget.com/uk-orders-bitcoin-atm-shutdown-125830919.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Titcomb|first1=James|title=Bitcoin cashpoints forced to shut down after being declared illegal|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/03/11/bitcoin-cashpoints-forced-shut-declared-illegal/|access-date=11 March 2022|work=The Telegraph|date=11 March 2022|archive-date=11 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220311092308/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2022/03/11/bitcoin-cashpoints-forced-shut-declared-illegal/|url-status=live}}</ref>
2022年3月,英国金融行为监管局(FCA)宣布该国所有加密货币自动取款机(ATM)都是非法的,因为没有一个ATM的运营商成功在该机构注册。FCA指出,由于缺乏监管和保护,以及未能遵守了解客户法律,对客户构成高风险。
|}
|}


=== Oceania ===
=== 大洋洲 ===
 
==== Australasia ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Australia}}{{anchor|Australia}}
|澳大利亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----In December 2013, the [[Governor of the Reserve Bank of Australia#Governors and their roles|governor]] of the [[Reserve Bank of Australia]] (RBA) indicated in an interview about bitcoin 合法性 stating, "There would be nothing to stop people in this country deciding to transact in some other currency in a shop if they wanted to. There's no law against that, so we do have competing currencies."<ref name="rbabtc">{{cite web|work=JHT|url=http://www.afr.com/p/national/glenn_stevens_says_bitcoins_show_GWLQFcefJfF4RmiE0Z08AJ|title=Glenn Stevens says Bitcoins show promise, but so did tulips|last=Hartge-Hazelman|first=Bianca|publisher=The Australian Financial Review|date=13 December 2013|access-date=21 September 2014|archive-date=21 October 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141021091031/http://www.afr.com/p/national/glenn_stevens_says_bitcoins_show_GWLQFcefJfF4RmiE0Z08AJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Beginning in April 2018, Australian digital currency exchanges must register with the [[Australian Transaction Reports and Analysis Centre]] and implement "[[know your customer]]" policies to comply with new anti-money laundering legislation.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.austrac.gov.au/new-australian-laws-regulate-cryptocurrency-providers|title=New Australian laws to regulate cryptocurrency providers &#124; AUSTRAC|website=www.austrac.gov.au|access-date=10 June 2021|archive-date=4 June 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210604002300/https://www.austrac.gov.au/new-australian-laws-regulate-cryptocurrency-providers|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2013年12月,澳大利亚储备银行(RBA)行长在一次关于比特币合法性的采访中表示:“如果人们决定在商店里使用其他货币进行交易,没有什么能阻止他们这样做。这没有违法,所以我们确实有竞争性货币。”
从2018年4月开始,澳大利亚数字货币交易所必须向澳大利亚交易报告和分析中心注册,并实施“了解客户”的政策,以符合新的反洗钱立法要求。
|-
|-
|{{flag|New Zealand}}{{anchor|New Zealand}}
|新西兰
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The Reserve Bank of New Zealand states: "Non-banks do not need our approval for schemes that involve the storage and/or transfer of value (such as 'bitcoin') – so long as they do not involve the issuance of physical circulating currency (notes and coins)."{{r|"regulation"|page=New Zealand}}
----新西兰储备银行表示:“非银行机构在涉及存储和/或转移价值(如比特币)的方案时,不需要我们的批准,只要这些方案不涉及发行实体流通货币(纸币和硬币)。”
|}
|}


==== Melanesia ====
==== 美拉尼西亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Fiji}}{{anchor|Fiji}}
|斐济
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----[[Prime Minister of Fiji|Prime Minister]] [[Sitiveni Rabuka]] is a proponent of cryptocurrencies and has even planned to make bitcoin legal tender as soon as 2023.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
----总理西蒂维尼·拉布卡(Sitiveni Rabuka)是加密货币的支持者,甚至计划最早在2023年使比特币成为法定货币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Tuvalu}}
|图瓦卢
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The government officially supports the use of blockchain technologies, including cryptocurrencies.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/438341/tuvalu-chases-digital-immortality-on-a-blockchain|title=Tuvalu chases digital immortality on a blockchain|website=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=14 March 2021|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105140135/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/438341/tuvalu-chases-digital-immortality-on-a-blockchain|url-status=live}}</ref>
----政府正式支持使用区块链技术,包括加密货币。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Vanuatu}}{{anchor|Vanuatu}}
|瓦努阿图
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Legalised in 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/crypto-ban-is-finally-lifted-in-vanuatu-after-lobbying-efforts-of-lawyers/|title=Crypto Ban is Finally Lifted in Vanuatu after Lobbying Efforts of Lawyers &#124; Finance Magnates|date=26 July 2021|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105135338/https://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/news/crypto-ban-is-finally-lifted-in-vanuatu-after-lobbying-efforts-of-lawyers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
----2021年合法化。
|}
|}


==== Micronesia ====
==== 密克罗尼西亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Marshall Islands}}{{anchor|Marshall Islands}}
|马绍尔群岛
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----[[Decentralised autonomous organisation]]s (DAOs), which are blockchain-based, are considered legal entities in the Marshall Islands.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
----基于区块链的去中心化自治组织 (DAO) 在马绍尔群岛被视为法人实体。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Palau}}{{anchor|Palau}}
|帕劳
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The use of cryptocurrencies is officially supported by the government.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/12/6/palau-pop-18000-seeks-to-blaze-trail-with-official-crypto|title=Tiny Palau seeks to blaze trail with official crypto|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105135845/https://www.aljazeera.com/economy/2021/12/6/palau-pop-18000-seeks-to-blaze-trail-with-official-crypto|url-status=live}}</ref>
----加密货币的使用得到了政府的正式支持。
|}
|}


==== Polynesia ====
==== 波利尼西亚 ====
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:left"
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
! style="width:120px;" |'''国家或地区'''
!'''合法性'''
!'''合法性'''
|-
|-
|{{flag|Samoa}}{{anchor|Samoa}}
|萨摩亚
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----The use of cryptocurrencies in Samoa is legal but discouraged by the [[Central Bank of Samoa]].{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
----在萨摩亚使用加密货币是合法的,但萨摩亚中央银行不鼓励。
|-
|-
|{{flag|Tonga}}{{anchor|Tonga}}
|汤加
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素|Yes]] Legal
|[[文件:Yes_check.svg|15x15像素]] 合法
----Tonga plans to make bitcoin legal tender by the end of 2023. This has been planned since late 2021.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/454865/tongan-mp-plans-bill-to-make-bitcoin-legal-tender|title=Tongan MP plans bill to make bitcoin legal tender|website=[[Radio New Zealand]]|date=3 November 2021|access-date=5 January 2023|archive-date=5 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105135138/https://www.rnz.co.nz/international/pacific-news/454865/tongan-mp-plans-bill-to-make-bitcoin-legal-tender|url-status=live}}</ref>
----汤加计划在 2023 年底前使比特币成为法定货币。这是自 2021 年底以来计划进行的。
|}
|}


== 参考链接 ==
== 参考链接 ==
<references />

2024年7月1日 (一) 15:14的最新版本

比特币的法律地位
法定货币橙色
允许(合法使用比特币)绿色
有争议(对比特币的合法使用有一些限制)黄色
有争议(基于现有法律的解释,但不直接禁止比特币)粉色
禁止(全部或部分禁止)红色
没有数据灰色

加密货币的法律地位因司法管辖区的不同而有很大差异,并且在许多地方仍未定义或正在变化中[1]。在大多数国家中,使用加密货币本身并不违法,但其作为支付手段(或商品)的地位和可用性各不相同,具有不同的监管影响[2]

一些国家明确允许其使用和交易,而另一些国家则禁止或限制其使用。同样,各种政府机构、部门和法院对加密货币的分类也有所不同。

在各国家或地区的细节[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

联盟国家[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
欧盟 欧盟没有颁布任何特别针对比特币作为货币地位的法规,但规定了传统(法定)货币与比特币之间兑换不征收增值税/营业税。

然而,使用比特币购买商品和服务的行为仍然需要缴纳增值税/营业税和其他税款(例如所得税)。

2015 年 10 月,欧洲联盟法院裁定,“将传统货币兑换成单位的 ‘比特币’ 虚拟货币免征增值税”,并且“成员国应当免除与 ‘用作法定货币的货币、钞票和硬币’ 相关的交易”,这使得比特币成为一种货币,而非商品。根据法官的说法,不应该对比特币征税,因为它应该被视为一种支付手段。

根据欧洲中央银行的说法,传统金融部门监管并不适用于比特币,因为它不涉及传统金融参与者。然而,欧盟其他一些人表示,现有法规可以扩展到涵盖比特币和比特币公司。

欧洲中央银行将比特币归类为一种可兑换的去中心化虚拟货币。2014 年 7 月,欧洲银行管理局建议欧洲银行在监管制度到位之前不要交易比特币等虚拟货币。

2016 年,欧洲议会提出了设立一个专责小组监控虚拟货币以打击洗钱和恐怖主义的提案,该提案以 542 票赞成、51 票反对、11 票弃权的结果获得通过,并提交给欧洲委员会审议。

2022 年 1 月,欧洲证券和市场管理局副主席 Erik Thedéen 呼吁欧盟禁止工作量证明加密挖矿,转而支持权益证明模式并应对气候变化。

G7 合法
在 2013 年,七国集团的金融行动特别工作组 (FATF) 在可能适用于传输比特币和其他货币的公司指引中发布了以下声明,“允许来自匿名来源的第三方资金的互联网支付服务可能会面临更高的[洗钱/恐怖融资]风险”。他们总结道,这可能会给各国在 [反洗钱/打击恐怖主义融资] 监管和监督方面带来“挑战”。

非洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

北非[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
阿尔及利亚 不合法
根据官方期刊(2017年12月28日):

第117条——禁止购买、销售、使用和持有所谓的虚拟货币。虚拟货币是互联网用户通过网络使用的货币。其特点是缺乏物理支持,如硬币、纸币、支票或信用卡支付。任何违反该规定的行为将根据现行法律法规予以惩罚。

埃及 不合法
埃及的达尔·伊夫塔(Dar al-Ifta),即埃及主要的伊斯兰立法机构,发布了一项宗教法令,将比特币的商业交易定为哈拉姆(即伊斯兰教法下的禁止行为)。
摩洛哥 不合法
2017年11月20日,外汇管理局发布了一份公开声明,宣布:“外汇管理局希望告知公众,通过虚拟货币进行的交易构成违反外汇法规的行为,可能会受到现行法律规定的处罚和罚款。”

第二天,货币当局也发表了一份由经济与财政部、摩洛哥银行和摩洛哥资本市场管理局(AMMC)联合发布的声明,警告与比特币相关的风险,指出比特币可能被用于“非法或犯罪目的,包括洗钱和资助恐怖主义”。

2017年12月19日,在摩洛哥银行2017年最后一次季度会议期间,摩洛哥银行行长阿卜杜勒拉蒂夫·朱阿赫里在拉巴特举行的新闻发布会上表示,比特币不是货币,而是一种“金融资产”。他还警告其危险性,并呼吁建立一个框架以保护消费者。

西非[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
尼日利亚 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
截至2017年1月17日,尼日利亚中央银行(CBN)发布了一份通告,通知所有尼日利亚银行,禁止在尼日利亚进行比特币和其他虚拟货币的银行交易。

之后,尼日利亚中央银行(CBN)和尼日利亚存款保险公司(NDIC)成立了一个委员会,研究该国采用比特币和其他数字货币背后的区块链技术的可能性。委员会已经提交了报告,但据CBN银行与支付系统部主任Dipo Fatokun先生称,“几个子委员会仍在研究该问题。”

2021年2月5日,尼日利亚中央银行发布了一份通告,通知尼日利亚的金融机构,按照他们在2017年1月的通告,处理加密货币或为其支付提供便利仍然是被禁止的,并将面临严厉处罚。

东非和中非[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
坦桑尼亚 法律允许 / 央行不鼓励使用
尽管未正式禁止,坦桑尼亚央行建议不要使用加密货币,强调坦桑尼亚先令是唯一被接受的法定货币。
中非共和国 合法
在2022年4月22日,中非共和国议会通过了一项加密货币法案,该法案于4月27日正式颁布,使比特币成为该国的法定货币。然而在2023年4月,中非共和国同意废除将比特币作为法定货币的决定。

东南非 / 非洲之角 / 印度洋国家[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
毛里求斯 合法
毛里求斯金融服务委员会将加密货币视为《2007年金融服务法》下的数字资产进行监管,并警告投资者,他们不受任何法定赔偿协议的保护,但加密货币在毛里求斯是合法的。

南部非洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
安哥拉 合法
尽管政府官员建议不要使用比特币,但没有相关立法禁止其使用,因此比特币在该国仍然是完全合法的。
南非 合法
2014年12月,南非储备银行发布了一份关于虚拟货币的立场文件,宣布虚拟货币“没有法律地位或监管框架”。南非税务局将比特币归类为无形资产。
纳米比亚 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
2017年9月,纳米比亚银行发布了一份关于虚拟货币的立场文件,其中声明不允许加密货币交易所运营,加密货币不能作为商品和服务的支付方式被接受。
津巴布韦 未知
津巴布韦储备银行已禁止在银行业务中使用加密货币,但高等法院的命令解除了这一禁令。储备银行已向法院提交了反对通知。然而,尚未找到任何显示此事解决的来源。

美洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

北美[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
加拿大 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
涉及虚拟货币的公司必须在国家金融情报机构加拿大金融交易和报告分析中心(FINTRAC)注册,实施合规计划,保留所需记录,报告可疑或与恐怖主义相关的交易,并确定其客户中是否有“政治暴露人物”。

该法律适用于非加拿大的虚拟货币交易所,只要它们有加拿大客户。银行不得为未在FINTRAC注册的虚拟货币公司开设或维护账户或建立代理银行关系。

数字货币交易商作为货币服务业务(MSB)受到监管。

魁北克省的金融监管机构Autorité des marchés financiers(AMF)已声明,一些与比特币相关的商业模式,包括交易所和ATM机,受其现行的MSB法案监管。

截至2018年4月,蒙特利尔银行(BMO)宣布禁止其信用卡和借记卡客户使用其卡进行加密货币购买。这是继加拿大多伦多道明银行(TD)实施的另一个银行禁令之后的又一措施。

美国 合法
美国财政部在2013年将比特币归类为可兑换的去中心化虚拟货币。商品期货交易委员会(CFTC)在2015年9月将比特币归类为商品。根据美国国税局(IRS)的规定,比特币作为财产征税。

比特币在2018年6月21日的一项美国最高法院意见中被提及(威斯康星中央有限公司诉美国案)。在该意见中,美国最高法院提到金钱的定义随着时间的推移而改变,“或许有一天员工将会以比特币或其他类型的加密货币支付薪水……”

如果货币服务业务,包括加密货币交易所、资金传输机构和匿名服务(称为“混合器”或“搅拌器”)在美国进行大量业务,根据金融犯罪执法网络(FinCEN)主任Kenneth Blanco在2018年的说法,他们需要:

1. 注册为美国FinCEN的货币服务业务

2. 设计并实施反洗钱(AML)计划

3. 保留适当的记录并向FinCEN提交报告,包括可疑活动报告(SARs)和货币交易报告(CTRs)

截至2018年8月,美国FinCEN每月收到超过1500份涉及加密货币的SARs。还有17个国家有类似的AML要求。

2016年9月,在涉及一名经营无牌资金传输业务的联邦法院案件中,美国纽约南区地方法院裁定“比特币在该术语的普通含义内是资金。比特币可以作为商品和服务的支付方式接受,或者直接从交易所用银行账户购买。因此,它们作为财务资源起作用,并被用作交换媒介和支付手段。”

墨西哥 合法
截至2017年,比特币在墨西哥是合法的,并计划根据《金融科技法》将其作为虚拟资产进行监管。

中美洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
哥斯达黎 不被视为货币
2017年10月,哥斯达黎加中央银行发布声明,比特币和加密货币不被视为货币,不受法律支持,也不能在哥斯达黎加的国家支付系统中交易。中央银行强调,任何使用加密货币的人都是自行承担风险。
萨尔瓦多 合法
比特币在萨尔瓦多通过《比特币法》于2021年6月8日成为法定货币,该法于2021年9月7日生效。

一个月后,比特币钱包的持有者超过了传统银行账户的持有者数量,而最受欢迎的比特币钱包——政府官方支持的Chivo钱包——已被300万人下载,接近总人口的46%。然而,仅有12%的萨尔瓦多消费者使用过比特币,调查显示93%的公司在第一个月没有接受过比特币支付。

尼加拉瓜 截至2014年,未受到监管
截至2014年,尼加拉瓜政府尚未对比特币通过任何法规,中央银行也没有发布相关裁决或指导方针。据《El Nuevo Diario》报导,2014年1月,一名美国银行家曾使用比特币购买了该国的房地产。

加勒比地区[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
牙买加 合法
在2017年,牙买加银行(BoJ)发布了一份声明,表示必须为加密货币技术的利用创造机会。BoJ表示计划开展宣传活动,提高公众对加密货币的认识,作为提高普通金融素养的一部分。
特立尼达和多巴哥 合法
2018年,特立尼达和多巴哥中央银行发布声明,表示愿意与提供金融科技和虚拟货币服务的公司合作,同时警告虚拟货币存在风险,可能被用于促进犯罪活动,并且在出现问题时缺乏保险和监管机制的救济途径。

南美[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
阿根廷 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
根据阿根廷民法典,比特币可能被视为货币,但不是法定货币。比特币可能被视为民法典下的一种物品或者商品,因此与比特币相关的交易可能受民法典下的商品买卖规则约束。2022年5月5日,阿根廷央行禁止金融机构 facilitat 任何与加密货币相关的交易。
玻利维亚 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
玻利维亚中央银行于2014年发布了一项决议,禁止比特币以及任何其他未受任何国家或经济区域监管的货币。截至2020年12月15日,玻利维亚中央银行第144号决议废除了2014年5月6日的第044号决议。
巴西 合法
巴西在2022年12月建立了虚拟资产服务提供者的许可制度,旨在将加密货币合法化为一种支付方式。根据巴西中央银行2014年的声明,加密货币虽然受到监管,但由于运营风险而不被鼓励。2017年11月,巴西中央银行重申了这种未受监管和不鼓励的立场。2019年5月7日,巴西联邦税务特别部门发布了有关该国加密货币税收的文件。
智利 合法
在智利,比特币的使用没有受到任何法规限制。
哥伦比亚 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
金融机构不允许进行比特币交易。2014年,哥伦比亚金融监管机构警告金融机构不得“保护、投资、代理或管理虚拟货币交易”。
厄瓜多尔 持有及交易合法 / 央行禁止作为支付工具
根据《货币和金融事务有机法典》第98条款,禁止使用任何加密货币作为支付工具,违者将面临没收加密货币及用其购买的任何产品的处罚。截至2021年12月25日,尚无人因此原因受到刑事起诉。厄瓜多尔金融系统严格阻止任何与加密货币相关的交易。尽管如此,在2018年1月8日,根据厄瓜多尔央行发布的声明,比特币的买卖是合法的。
委内瑞拉 持有合法 / 挖矿不合法
在2018年1月,政府的加密货币监督官卡洛斯·瓦尔加斯表示:“这是一项现在完全合法的活动。我们与最高法院举行了会议,以便对那些在之前几年被扣押和逮捕的人解除指控。”然而,在2023年3月,监管机构因为对腐败和侵占的担忧,发布了一项临时禁令,禁止所有加密货币的挖矿活动。截至6月,这项禁令仍然有效。

亚洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

中亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
阿富汗 不合法
2022年8月,塔利班禁止了加密货币交易。
吉尔吉斯斯坦 合法
在吉尔吉斯斯坦共和国的法律下,比特币被视为一种商品,而不是证券或货币,可以在本地商品交易所合法进行挖掘、购买、销售和交易。然而,比特币在国内结算中使用作为货币的行为受到限制。
乌兹别克斯坦 合法
在2018年9月2日,乌兹别克斯坦颁布了一项法令,正式将加密货币交易和挖矿合法化,并且免税。这使得乌兹别克斯坦成为一个支持加密货币的国家。

西亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
阿联酋 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
根据美国国会图书馆的资料,“中央银行尚未将加密货币视为一种支付形式。然而,该机构正在制定新的零售支付服务法规,引入了可用于支付目的的代币概念。”

在2018年2月13日,迪拜多商品中心宣布,迪拜金商Regal RA DMCC成为中东首家获得加密货币交易许可的公司。DMCC的网站强调了加密货币的冷存储,并指出“DMCC的加密商品交易许可仅限于专有交易。不允许进行首次代币发行(ICO),也不允许在此许可下设立交易所。”

2020年11月,阿联酋证券与商品权威发布了《2020年主席理事会决定第23/主席号:关于加密资产活动监管的决定》,建立了加密资产的提供、发行、上市和交易的监管框架。加密资产提供者必须在阿联酋国内设立公司。

以色列 合法
根据以色列税务当局2017年的声明,比特币和其他加密货币不被视为法定货币或金融证券,而是被视为应税资产。每次出售比特币时,卖方需缴纳25%的资本利得税。此外,比特币的挖矿者和交易者被视为企业,需缴纳企业所得税,并对其交易征收17%的增值税。
沙特阿拉伯 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
沙特阿拉伯货币管理局(SAMA)已警告金融机构不要使用比特币,因为它具有高风险,其交易者将无法获得任何保护或权利。
约旦 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
约旦央行禁止银行、货币兑换机构、金融公司和支付服务公司参与比特币或其他数字货币的交易。尽管警告公众比特币存在风险,并非法定货币,但小企业和商家仍然接受比特币支付。
黎巴嫩 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
黎巴嫩政府发出警告,不鼓励使用比特币和其他类似系统。
土耳其 合法 / 央行禁止作为支付工具
2021年4月16日,土耳其共和国中央银行发布了一项法规,禁止直接或间接使用包括比特币在内的所有基于分布式账本技术的加密货币,用于支付商品和服务。该法规指出可能造成的“无法弥补的”损害和交易风险,并于2021年4月30日生效。
卡塔尔 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
在卡塔尔,由于对金融犯罪和黑客攻击的担忧,银行不被允许交易比特币。此外,加密货币在卡塔尔金融中心也被禁止使用。
伊朗 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
伊朗伊斯兰共和国中央银行禁止该国的银行和金融机构处理加密货币交易,原因是担心可能涉及洗钱和资助恐怖主义活动的风险。

南亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
孟加拉国 不合法
孟加拉国银行在2014年9月表示,根据该国严格的反洗钱法律,任何使用虚拟货币的人可能会被监禁。2021年,孟加拉国银行表示,如果涉及洗钱或恐怖融资,加密货币交易或贸易应被视为犯罪行为。
印度 合法
印度财政部长阿伦·贾特利在2018年2月1日的预算演讲中表示,政府将尽一切努力阻止比特币和其他虚拟货币在印度的非法使用。他重申印度不将其视为法定货币,并将鼓励区块链技术在支付系统中的应用。

贾特利说道:“政府不承认加密货币为法定货币或硬币,并将采取一切措施消除这些加密资产在非法活动融资或支付系统中的使用。”

2018年初,印度的中央银行——印度储备银行(RBI)宣布禁止受其监管的实体进行加密货币的买卖交易。

2019年,印度互联网和移动协会向印度最高法院提出请愿,挑战加密货币的合法性,并寻求法院的指令或命令以限制其交易。2020年3月,印度最高法院做出裁决,撤销了印度储备银行对加密货币交易的禁令。

2021年,印度政府正在探索由印度储备银行发行的由国家支持的数字货币,同时禁止像比特币这样的私人数字货币。

目前,印度既不禁止也不允许在加密货币市场投资。2020年,印度最高法院特别解除了印度储备银行对加密货币的禁令。自那时以来,投资加密货币被视为合法,尽管对于相关税收问题的范围和支付以及其监管制度仍存在一些模糊不清。但有人认为印度议会很快将通过一项具体法律,要么禁止,要么对加密货币市场进行规范。在向一家著名在线出版物表达对印度加密货币市场的公共政策观点时,一位领先的公共政策律师兼南亚区域法律合作组织(SAARCLAW)副主席赫曼特·巴特拉表示,“加密货币市场现在已经非常庞大,涉及数十亿美元市场,因此,政府完全禁止所有形式的加密货币及其交易和投资现在已经不可行和不可调和。”他建议在这方面遵循国际货币基金组织(IMF)和金融行动特别工作组(FATF)的指导方针,规范加密货币市场。

尼泊尔 不合法
尼泊尔实施了绝对禁令,任何加密货币的使用都是非法的。
巴基斯坦 合法
巴基斯坦并未正式对加密货币(包括比特币)进行监管,但也没有明文规定其为非法或禁止。截至2021年1月16日,巴基斯坦国家银行尚未授权任何个人或组织进行虚拟货币、代币和数字资产的销售、购买、交换和投资。巴基斯坦联邦调查局(FIA)的网络犯罪调查部门曾因涉及挖掘比特币和其他加密货币而进行多起逮捕,这些逮捕行动是基于洗钱指控进行的。

尽管围绕虚拟货币存在许多争议,但一些知名的巴基斯坦博主和社交媒体影响者公开参与比特币交易,并经常在社交媒体上发布有利于加密货币监管的内容。2020年12月,巴基斯坦开伯尔-普赫图赫瓦省成为该国第一个通过决议支持在全国范围内合法化加密货币的省份。

东亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
中华人民共和国 不合法
中国人民银行自2013年12月5日起,首次对比特币进行监管,禁止金融机构处理比特币交易。

2014年4月1日,中国人民银行要求商业银行和支付公司在两周内关闭比特币交易账户。

2017年9月,通过法规禁止加密货币交易所或交易平台运营,到2018年7月关闭了173家平台。

2018年初,中国人民银行宣布由国家外汇管理局领导的行动将打击比特币挖矿,到2018年1月,许多比特币挖矿操作已经停止。

2021年9月24日,全面禁止加密货币交易和挖矿。

香港 合法
2013年,香港金融管理局(HKMA)行政总裁陈德霖表示,比特币仅为虚拟商品,并决定不对其进行监管。然而,该机构将密切关注比特币在本地及海外的使用和发展。财经事务及库务局局长在立法会上提到,“香港目前没有直接管理比特币及其他类似虚拟货币的法律。然而,我们现有的法律(如有组织及严重罪行条例)对涉及比特币的非法行为,如欺诈或洗钱,提供制裁。”

从2022年底开始,包括财政司和香港金融管理局在内的政府部门宣布他们打算拥抱数字资产,并开始制定基于“同一活动、同一风险、同一监管”的监管框架。到2023年底,包括增强身份验证在内的监管框架最终确定。新的虚拟资产交易平台规定于2024年中期生效。

日本 合法
2014年3月7日,日本政府在国会提出的一系列问题中作出了关于比特币法律处理的内阁决定。该决定认为比特币不属于货币或债券,因此禁止银行和证券公司交易比特币。决定还承认,目前没有法律无条件禁止个人或法人以比特币交换商品或服务。比特币可能需要缴纳税款。

截至2017年4月,日本的加密货币交易业务受到支付服务法的监管。加密货币交易业务必须注册,保留记录,采取安全措施,并保护客户。支付服务法将“加密货币”定义为一种财产价值。该法案还规定,加密货币只限于存储在电子设备上的电子形式财产价值,而非法定货币。

韩国 合法
韩国的加密货币交易规定如下:未成年人和所有外国人禁止交易加密货币。成年韩国公民可以在注册的交易所上,通过与交易所有账户的银行开设真实姓名账户来进行交易。银行和交易所都有责任验证客户身份,并执行其他反洗钱规定。
台湾 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
台湾地区监管机构对于比特币採取严格管制,明确禁止金融机构协助比特币交易。同时,监管部门也一再提醒民众,比特币并非由国家或央行发行,不具有法币地位,因此没有法律保障。如金融机构涉及比特币业务,将面临监管处罚。

2013 年底,台湾金融监管部门联合央行发布联合声明,警告民众比特币风险,强调其高波动性、投机性以及缺乏法律保障。2014年 1 月,监管部门负责人明确表示,由于比特币并非法定货币,将禁止在台湾安装比特币 ATM 机。

东南亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
柬埔寨 合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
柬埔寨国家银行(NBC)要求柬埔寨银行不允许人们使用加密货币进行交易。
印度尼西亚 持有及交易合法 / 央行禁止作为支付工具
印度尼西亚的中央银行,于2017年12月7日发布了一项法规,从2018年1月1日起禁止使用比特币等加密货币作为支付工具。2021年11月11日,印度尼西亚伊斯兰法学会发布了一项关于加密货币的哈拉姆法令,禁止将加密货币作为货币使用,包括比特币,理由是违反伊斯兰法和印度尼西亚银行和货币法规。该法令还禁止加密货币的交易和持有,除非这些加密货币符合伊斯兰教的贸易标准,如具有实体形式、具有清晰价值、已知数量、可以真正拥有、可转让且不完全是投机性的。通过2022年12月15日颁布的《金融部门发展和加强法》中,所有包括比特币在内的加密货币被列为“受监控的金融技术”,所有与创新、利用及其他相关活动有关的事务将受到印度尼西亚国家银行和金融服务管理局的控制和监测。
马来西亚 合法
2013 年 11 月 4 日,马来西亚国家银行 (BNM) 与当地比特币支持者会面,以了解更多有关该货币的信息,但当时并未发表评论。2014 年 1 月 6 日,马来西亚国家银行发布声明称,比特币在马来西亚不被视为法定货币。央行目前不会监管比特币业务,用户应意识到使用比特币的风险。
菲律宾 合法
2014年3月6日,菲律宾央行(Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas,BSP)发布了一份关于比特币交易和使用风险的声明。尽管最近菲律宾央行根据《Circular 944》对加密货币交易所进行了合法化和监管,但比特币和其他“虚拟货币”并未被菲律宾央行视为法定货币。菲律宾央行认为,这些货币既不由中央银行发行或保证,也没有任何商品作为支持。
新加坡 合法
据报道,2013年12月,新加坡金融管理局表示,“企业是否接受比特币以换取其商品和服务是一项商业决定,新加坡金管局不予干预。

2013 年 9 月 22 日,新加坡金融管理局 (MAS) 警告用户使用比特币的相关风险,称“如果比特币停止运营,可能没有可识别的一方负责退还他们的款项或让他们寻求追索权”  ,并于 2013 年 12 月表示“企业是否接受比特币以换取其商品和服务是一项商业决定,MAS 不干预”  2014年1月,新加坡税务局发布了一系列税收指南,根据这些指南,如果比特币交易被用作真实商品和服务的支付方式,则可以将其视为易货交易。与比特币货币兑换打交道的企业将根据其比特币销售额征税。 2019 年 4 月,MAS 将比特币称为《支付服务法》中的数字支付代币。

泰国 持有及交易合法 / 央行禁止作为支付工具
泰国的比特币交易所只能将数字货币兑换成泰铢,并且必须持有泰国商业发展部的电子商务许可证。他们还必须根据《规定客户尽职调查规则和程序的部长条例》制定 KYC 和 CDD 政策和程序,参考第 8 页,第 129 卷,第 44 部分,政府公报。

可疑活动必须向反洗钱办公室报告。 自 2022 年 4 月 1 日起,泰国政府不再允许将加密货币用作商品或服务的支付方式。该法规并未禁止拥有或交易加密货币,尽管商业银行已被警告不要直接参与数字资产。

越南 持有及交易合法 / 央行禁止作为支付工具
越南国家银行宣布,比特币和其他类似虚拟货币的发行、供应和使用作为支付手段是非法的,将受到1.5亿至2亿越南盾的处罚,  但政府并未禁止比特币作为虚拟商品或资产进行交易。
文莱 持有及交易合法
比特币和加密货币在文莱达鲁萨兰国不是法定货币,不受 AMBD(文莱金融管理局)监管。它不受AMBD管理的法律保护。

然而,AMBD建议公众不要轻易被任何投资或金融活动广告所诱惑,并在参与前进行尽职调查并正确了解金融产品。没有法律规定持有或交易比特币是非法的。

欧洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

中欧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
奥地利 合法
收入不被视为官方货币形式,受税法约束。

金融市场管理局(FMA)警告投资者,加密货币是有风险的,FMA不监督或监管虚拟货币,包括比特币或加密货币交易平台。  

克罗地亚 合法
克罗地亚金融稳定委员会于2017年12月18日警告投资者注意虚拟货币的风险,例如数字钱包盗窃和欺诈。克罗地亚国家银行于2017年9月22日发出了类似的警告。
捷克共和国 合法
购买、出售、存储、管理或调解购买或出售虚拟货币或提供类似服务的企业和个人必须遵守反洗钱法。  

出于会计和税收目的,比特币被归类为无形资产(而不是电子货币)。

德国 合法
2013 年 8 月 19 日,德国财政部宣布,比特币现在本质上是一种“记账单位”,可用于该国的税收和交易目的,这意味着用比特币进行的购买必须像欧元交易一样缴纳增值税。据该部称,它不被归类为外币或电子货币,而是“私人货币”,可用于“多边清算圈”。   德国央行表示,比特币不是虚拟货币或数字货币。它建议使用术语“加密令牌”。  

2019 年 11 月,德国议会通过了一项立法,允许银行从 2020 年 1 月 1 日起出售和存储加密货币。

匈牙利 合法
匈牙利中央银行Magyar Nemzeti银行(MNB)对加密货币发出了几次警告,称它比信用卡等其他电子支付“风险大得多”。
直布罗陀 合法
早在 2018 年,直布罗陀就成为世界上第一个为使用分布式账本技术的企业提供量身定制的监管框架的国家。  旅行规则是通过 2021 年《2015 年犯罪收益法(虚拟资产转让)条例》实施的,自 2021 年 3 月 22 日起生效。
波兰 合法
在波兰,目前尚未有法律法规对比特币的使用进行正式的监管。2013年12月18日,波兰财政部的Szymon Woźniak在华沙经济学院的一次会议上发表了关于比特币合法性的官方声明,表示财政部不认为比特币是非法的,并且不希望阻碍其发展。他澄清说,虽然比特币不是非法的,但也不能被视为法定货币,在欧盟指令的背景下,它也不是电子货币。截至2015年1月27日,一些银行关闭了交易比特币的客户账户,并以“犯罪行为的推定”作为原因,其中“犯罪行为”可能是指“加密货币交易”。

截至2017年7月7日,波兰国家银行(NBP)和金融监管局(KNF)就虚拟“货币”发表了评论。他们强调,虚拟货币(包括比特币):(1)不是由中央银行发行或保证的,(2)不是货币,即它们既不是法定货币也不是通货,(3)不能用于支付税务义务,(4)在购物和服务点中不符合普遍接受的标准,(5)不是电子货币,(6)不是支付服务(在法律上),(7)不是金融工具(在法律上)。他们补充说,在波兰交易虚拟货币并不违反国家或欧盟法律,但拥有虚拟“货币”涉及许多风险:(1)由于盗窃可能导致资金损失的风险,(2)缺乏保障的风险,(3)普遍接受性缺乏的风险,(4)欺诈可能性的风险,(5)价格波动风险高的风险。因此,波兰国家银行和金融监管局警告公众不要购买虚拟货币或投资其中,金融机构在与虚拟货币“交易”实体进行接触和合作时应谨慎。

罗马尼亚 合法
截至2015年3月,罗马尼亚国家银行的官方声明提到,“使用数字货币作为支付方式对金融系统存在一定的风险”。

2017年10月,罗马尼亚国家财政管理局(ANAF)宣布,由于比特币缺乏立法框架,因此无法为其制定税收管理框架(即暗示不征税)。

2019年1月,法律第30/2019号明确规定,从2019年开始,从交易“虚拟货币”获得的收入被分类为“其他来源的收入”。此外,新增的第116条(2) c)款明确规定,所得税率为10%,仅适用于“销售价格与收购价格之间的正差”(而不适用于销售所得的整个金额)。此外,每笔交易利润低于200罗马尼亚列伦且全年总额低于600罗马尼亚列伦的交易免征税。

斯洛伐克 合法
斯洛伐克国家银行(NBS)指出,比特币不具备货币的法律属性,因此不能被视为货币。欧洲法律,包括斯洛伐克法律,未定义与虚拟货币相关的活动。这些活动未受斯洛伐克国家银行或欧洲央行的监管和监督。同时,NBS指出,在斯洛伐克共和国,任何法人或自然人不得发行任何纸币或其他硬币。非法制造纸币和硬币并将其投入流通是受法律惩罚的。在这种背景下,NBS指出,虚拟货币没有法定货币形式的物理对应物,参与这种方案(虚拟货币)存在风险。交易或购买虚拟货币代表投资者的业务风险,投资者的资金并不受到保护。因此,任何由这些交易或购买导致的损失赔偿都没有法律上的要求。
斯洛文尼亚 合法
2013年12月23日,斯洛文尼亚财政部发布声明指出,比特币既不是货币也不是资产。比特币不需缴纳资本利得税,但比特币挖矿会受到税收管制,以及以比特币销售商品或提供服务的企业也需缴税。
瑞士 合法
瑞士的比特币企业受到反洗钱法规的监管,有时可能需要取得银行许可证。

2013年12月5日,瑞士议会的45名成员提出了关于数字可持续性(Pardigli)的提案,呼吁瑞士政府评估比特币在该国金融部门利用的机会。该提案还要求就比特币在增值税、证券和反洗钱法律方面的法律地位进行澄清。

作为对议会要求的回应,瑞士联邦委员会于2014年6月发布了关于虚拟货币的报告。报告指出,由于虚拟货币并非处于法律真空中,联邦委员会认为目前不需要采取立法措施。

2016年,苏黎世州(Zug)将比特币添加为支付市政费用的一种方式,以测试和推进苏黎世州作为未来技术发展的地区。

瑞士联邦铁路公司(Swiss Federal Railways)在其售票机上出售比特币。

2018年,瑞士金融市场监管局(FINMA)表示将采取“平衡的方式”处理加密货币行业,并允许“合法的创新者”在监管环境中运作。

截至2021年6月,瑞士六交所(SIX Swiss Exchange)上已提供了100个交易所交易产品(ETP)和加密货币结构化产品,总交易价值达46亿瑞士法郎,创下历史新高。

东欧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
阿尔巴尼亚 合法
2020年5月21日,阿尔巴尼亚通过了一项新法律,旨在规范加密货币活动。
白俄罗斯 合法
关于发展数字经济的法令 - 白俄罗斯共和国总统亚历山大·卢卡申科的法令,其中包括放宽在高科技领域开展业务的条件的措施。

“关于发展数字经济”法令的规定为基于区块链技术的数字货币和代币的流通创造了法律基础,以便高科技园区的居民公司可以提供加密货币的股票市场和兑换处的服务,并通过ICO吸引融资。对于法人实体,该法令授予创建和放置自己的代币、通过股票市场和交易所运营商进行交易的权利;该法令赋予个人从事采矿、拥有代币、获取和兑换白俄罗斯卢布、外币和电子货币以及遗赠它们的权利。截至 1 月 1 日 2023 年,该法令将代币业务的收入和利润排除在应税基数之外。就个人而言,代币的获取和销售不被视为创业活动,代币本身和与他们交易的收入无需申报。引入的法规的特点是,所有业务都必须通过高科技园区的居民公司进行。

格鲁吉亚 合法
根据格鲁吉亚财政部2019年发布的公开决定,加密货币本质上不属于任何特定的地理位置,“源自”也就不会被视为“源自格鲁吉亚”。这类收入将适用于零税率的法律,即来自加密货币交易的资本利得不需要缴纳税款。
科索沃 禁止挖矿
2022年1月,与能源危机同时发生的科索沃禁止了所有的加密货币挖矿活动。根据BBC News的报道,加密货币挖矿“在科索沃北部地区特别受欢迎,那里的塞族族群不承认科索沃的独立地位,并拒绝支付电费”。
俄罗斯 挖矿合法 / 央行不鼓励使用
2020年12月11日,弗拉基米尔·普京下令公务员从2021年1月1日起申报所有的加密货币持有和数字资产。截至2021年,普京表示俄罗斯接受了加密货币的角色,并且认为加密货币可以用于支付。

然而,根据俄罗斯联邦税务局于2016年11月的说法,比特币“不属于非法”。俄罗斯联邦副财政部长亚历克谢·莫伊塞耶夫在2017年9月表示,接受加密货币支付“可能是非法的”。尽管如此,比特币市场网站被屏蔽,法院的裁决指出比特币是一种货币替代品,在俄罗斯领土上是非法的。

根据俄罗斯现行法律,加密货币被视为货币替代品。根据俄罗斯联邦《关于俄罗斯联邦中央银行(俄罗斯银行)》第27条的规定,禁止在俄罗斯联邦领土内发行货币替代品。俄罗斯中央银行和俄罗斯联邦金融监管局在其信息呼吁中多次警告俄罗斯公民,所有与加密货币相关的操作都具有投机性质,存在高价值损失的风险。中央银行声明:“大多数加密货币交易在俄罗斯联邦和大多数其他国家都处于法律监管之外。加密货币未经俄罗斯银行保证或提供。”

2018年3月20日,俄罗斯国家杜马提出了一项关于数字金融资产的法案。该法案将比特币分类为财产,而非法定货币。允许通过持有许可的运营商交换加密货币和卢布以及外币。该法案还对智能合约进行了定义。

然而,到了2022年1月,俄罗斯中央银行提议禁止“所有加密货币的发行和操作,阻止银行投资于加密货币,阻止加密货币兑换传统货币,并对使用加密货币进行购买引入法律责任”,理由是系统性金融风险。根据彭博新闻和Meduza的报道,俄罗斯联邦安全局说服中央银行禁止加密货币在俄罗斯的使用,因为它们被用于资助反对派和独立媒体。然而,2022年2月,俄罗斯政府最终宣布将支持、合法化和监管加密货币,而不是禁止它们。

乌克兰 合法 / 禁止本地货币购买
2022年3月16日,乌克兰总统签署了《虚拟资产法案》成为法律。随后,2022年4月22日,乌克兰央行禁止使用本地货币购买加密货币,并规定每月外币购买限额为3300美元。

北欧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
丹麦 合法
丹麦金融监管局发表声明,宣称比特币不是货币,并表示不会对其使用进行监管。

2013年12月17日,丹麦金融监管局(FSA)发表了一份与欧洲银行管理局(EBA)警告类似的声明。截至2017年,FSA表示与比特币相关的业务不在其监管权限范围内,因此不会阻止任何人开展这类业务。FSA的首席法律顾问表示,丹麦可能考虑修改现有的金融立法以涵盖虚拟货币。

爱沙尼亚 合法
在爱沙尼亚,比特币的使用不受政府的监管或其他控制。

爱沙尼亚财政部已经得出结论,对于类似比特币的加密货币作为支付方式并无法律障碍。因此,交易商在建立业务关系或者买家每月购买超过1,000欧元的货币时,必须对买家进行身份识别。

芬兰 合法
芬兰税务管理局已经发布了关于虚拟货币(包括比特币)税务处理的指导方针。根据这些指导方针,比特币交易被视为一种私人合同,类似于差价合约,用于购买商品或转换为法定货币时会实现其价值,任何价格上涨都将应税,但亏损不能用于税收抵扣。挖掘到的比特币被视为劳动收入。

此外,芬兰中央税务委员会(CBT)在2014年的第034/2014号裁决中指出,交易所在比特币购买中收取的佣金费用根据欧盟增值税指令被视为银行服务,因此免征增值税。这是因为法院将比特币分类为支付工具,而大多数国家则将其视为未受监管的货币交换方式,甚至认为其可能涉及犯罪行为。

冰岛 合法
根据2014年冰岛中央银行的意见,“在冰岛,没有授权从金融机构购买外币或基于虚拟货币进行跨境转账的权限。仅因此,虚拟货币交易在冰岛受到限制。”然而,这并未阻止冰岛的企业进行比特币挖矿活动。

冰岛中央银行确认,“根据冰岛外汇法,禁止使用电子货币比特币进行外汇交易。”

2017年3月12日,冰岛中央银行修改了其规则。新规定为外汇法第87/1992号提供了广泛和一般性的豁免。

立陶宛 合法
立陶宛银行于2014年1月31日发布警告称,比特币在立陶宛不被认可为法定货币,并提醒比特币用户应意识到使用它所带来的高风险。
挪威 合法
挪威税务管理局在2013年12月表示,他们不将比特币定义为货币,而是视其为资产。因此,比特币的收益需缴纳财富税。在商业中,使用比特币则需遵守销售税法规。

挪威政府在2017年2月表示,他们不会对比特币的购买或销售征收增值税。

瑞典 合法
瑞典税务局对比特币增值税(VAT)发表了初步裁决,表示比特币交易不适用瑞典增值税,而是受到瑞典金融监管局(Finansinspektionen)的监管,并被视为一种货币。这一决定已被瑞典税务局上诉。

总体而言,瑞典的法律体系对比特币企业和用户相对较为友好,与欧盟及全球其他国家相比。瑞典金融监管局已公开承认比特币和其他数字货币作为支付手段,并合法化了这一快速发展的行业。对于与法定货币交互的某些业务(主要是交易所),目前的法规规定必须申请批准或许可,并且必须遵循适用于传统金融服务提供者的所有反洗钱(AML)、打击恐怖融资(CTF)和了解您的客户(KYC)法规。

南欧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
波斯尼亚和黑塞哥维那 合法
没有关于使用比特币的规定。
保加利亚 合法
保加利亚法律中没有一个关于比特币的字眼。如果人们在交易中获利,则应缴纳 10% 的税款。
塞浦路斯 合法
比特币的使用在塞浦路斯不受监管。
希腊 合法
希腊没有关于比特币的具体立法。
意大利 合法
意大利不规范个人使用比特币。
马耳他 合法
截至2017年,马耳他没有针对比特币的特定法规。2017年,该国总理约瑟夫·马斯喀特宣布批准了一项促进比特币和区块链技术的国家战略。马斯喀特特别强调了比特币区块链在处理、存储和处理敏感数据方面的能力,以及其在不可篡改和去中心化生态系统中的作用。
北马其顿 合法
北马其顿没有针对比特币或加密货币的特定立法。

2016年,北马其顿共和国国家银行发布了一份新闻稿,宣布对ONECOIN进行了调查,并劝告公民不要投资,因为它很可能是一个诈骗。在同一份新闻稿中,北马其顿国家银行引用了外汇操作法律,但由于加密货币并不构成法律上引用的外汇,因此它们处于未受监管状态。

葡萄牙 合法
2013年,葡萄牙银行表示比特币不是一种安全的货币,因为其发行缺乏监督或审慎要求。截至2014年,葡萄牙对比特币没有具体的法律框架。
西班牙 合法
比特币交易与易货交易受相同法律的约束。

西欧[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
比利时 合法
在2013年7月,比利时财政部长对比特币用于洗钱表示担忧,但表示政府目前似乎不需要进行干预。
法国 合法
法国财政部于 2014 年 7 月 11 日发布了有关虚拟货币专业人士运营、交易所和税收的法规。
爱尔兰 不受中央银行监管
2013 年 12 月,爱尔兰中央银行在 Dáil Éireann 中表示,它不监管比特币,比特币在欧盟不是法定货币。
卢森堡 合法
金融部门监管委员会(Commission de Surveillance du Secteur Financier)在2014年2月发布了一份通讯,确认比特币和其他加密货币的货币地位。第一个比特币经营许可证(BitLicence)于2015年10月发布。
荷兰 合法
截至2013年,荷兰将比特币等“替代虚拟货币”视为非货币,并不在《荷兰金融监管法案》的监管范围内。处理加密货币时,个人必须向荷兰税务和海关总署申报并缴纳税款。
英国 合法
截至2013年,英国政府表示比特币是未受监管的,并且在大多数情况下被视为“外币”,包括增值税(VAT)/商品与服务税(GST)方面。

比特币被视为“私人货币”。当比特币兑换成英镑或其他外币,如欧元或美元时,不会对比特币本身的价值征收增值税。然而,无论何种情况下,以比特币或其他类似加密货币交换销售的任何商品或服务的供应商,都需按照正常方式缴纳增值税。对于加密货币的利润和损失,需缴纳资本利得税。

2022年3月,英国金融行为监管局(FCA)宣布该国所有加密货币自动取款机(ATM)都是非法的,因为没有一个ATM的运营商成功在该机构注册。FCA指出,由于缺乏监管和保护,以及未能遵守了解客户法律,对客户构成高风险。

大洋洲[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
澳大利亚 合法
2013年12月,澳大利亚储备银行(RBA)行长在一次关于比特币合法性的采访中表示:“如果人们决定在商店里使用其他货币进行交易,没有什么能阻止他们这样做。这没有违法,所以我们确实有竞争性货币。”

从2018年4月开始,澳大利亚数字货币交易所必须向澳大利亚交易报告和分析中心注册,并实施“了解客户”的政策,以符合新的反洗钱立法要求。

新西兰 合法
新西兰储备银行表示:“非银行机构在涉及存储和/或转移价值(如比特币)的方案时,不需要我们的批准,只要这些方案不涉及发行实体流通货币(纸币和硬币)。”

美拉尼西亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
斐济 合法
总理西蒂维尼·拉布卡(Sitiveni Rabuka)是加密货币的支持者,甚至计划最早在2023年使比特币成为法定货币。
图瓦卢 合法
政府正式支持使用区块链技术,包括加密货币。
瓦努阿图 合法
2021年合法化。

密克罗尼西亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
马绍尔群岛 合法
基于区块链的去中心化自治组织 (DAO) 在马绍尔群岛被视为法人实体。
帕劳 合法
加密货币的使用得到了政府的正式支持。

波利尼西亚[编辑 | 编辑源代码]

国家或地区 合法性
萨摩亚 合法
在萨摩亚使用加密货币是合法的,但萨摩亚中央银行不鼓励。
汤加 合法
汤加计划在 2023 年底前使比特币成为法定货币。这是自 2021 年底以来计划进行的。

参考链接[编辑 | 编辑源代码]