编辑“以太坊（ETH）”

{{NoteTA|G1=IT}}
{{Infobox software
| title                = 以太坊（以太币）
| logo                 = Ethereum-icon-purple.svg
| logo size            = 75px
| logo caption         = 以太坊 
| screenshot           = 
| caption              = 
| collapsible          = 
| author               = [[维塔利克·布特林|维塔利克·布特林]]（Vitalik Buterin）、{{link-en|加文·伍德|Gavin Wood|林嘉文}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Gavin Wood 的故事：低調的區塊鏈先驅和真正的創造者 |url=https://new.qq.com/omn/20210308/20210308A00W1Q00.html |accessdate=2022-03-24 |agency=腾讯网 |date=2021-03-08 |archive-date=2022-02-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216225543/https://new.qq.com/omn/20210308/20210308A00W1Q00.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>
| developer            = 以太坊基金会、超级账本、Nethermind、OpenEthereum、EthereumJS
| Initial release      = 2015年7月30日
| Stable release       = 伦敦升级 / 2021年8月5日
| programming language = [[C++]]、[[Go]]、[[JavaScript]]、[[Python]]、[[Java]]、[[node.js]]
| operating system     = [[Linux]], [[Windows]], [[macOS]], [[POSIX]]（客户端）
| platform             = x86-64, ARM
| size                 = 694.37 GB [GETH客戶端] (2022-05-09), 636.82 GB [OpenEthereum客戶端] (2022-05-09)
| genre                = [[去中心化计算]]
| license              = [[开源许可证]]
| website              = {{URL|https://ethereum.org/zh/}}
| frequently updated   = 
}}

'''以太坊'''（Ethereum）是一个[[去中心化]]的[[开源]]的有[[智能合约]]功能的公共[[区块链]]平台。<ref name="Gray-2014-04-07">{{cite news|last=Gray|first=Jeff|work=The Globe and Mail|publisher=Phillip Crawley|date=2014-04-07|title=Bitcoin believers: Why digital currency backers are keeping the faith|url=http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/bitcoin-believers-why-digital-currency-backers-are-keeping-the-faith/article17840246/?page=all|accessdate=2016-02-17|archive-date=2016-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303205911/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/currencies/bitcoin-believers-why-digital-currency-backers-are-keeping-the-faith/article17840246/?page=all|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="Vigna-28-Oct-2015">{{cite web |first1=Paul |last1=Vigna |date=2015-10-28 |url=http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/28/bitbeat-microsoft-to-offer-ethereum-based-services-on-azure/ |title=BitBeat: Microsoft to Offer Ethereum-Based Services on Azure |website=The Wall Street Journal |publisher=News Corp |type=Blog |accessdate=2016-02-17 |archive-date=2016-02-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160204114309/http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2015/10/28/bitbeat-microsoft-to-offer-ethereum-based-services-on-azure/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>以太币（ETH 或 Ξ）是以太坊的原生[[加密貨幣|加密货币]]。截至2021年12月，以太币是[[市值]]第二高的[[加密貨幣|加密货币]]，仅次于[[比特币]]。以太坊是使用最多的区块链。

以太坊的概念首次在2013至2014年间由程序员[[維塔利克·布特林]]受比特币启发后提出，大意为“下一代加密货币与去中心化应用平台”<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/ethereum-next-generation-cryptocurrency-decentralized-application-platform-1390528211|title=A Next-Generation Cryptocurrency and Decentralized Application Platform|website=Bitcoin Magazine|language=en-US|access-date=2016-05-06|archive-date=2016-05-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160509124527/https://bitcoinmagazine.com/articles/ethereum-next-generation-cryptocurrency-decentralized-application-platform-1390528211|dead-url=no}}</ref>，在2014年通过[[首次代币发售|ICO众筹]]得以開始發展<ref name="forbes20160423"/>。

以太坊亦被称为“第二代的区块链平台”，仅次于[[比特币]]<ref name=vox20160524>{{cite news |last=Lee |first=Timothy B.<!-- a Sr. Correspondent for Vox, covering technology; not to be confused with Tim Berners Lee --> |url=http://www.vox.com/2016/5/24/11718436/ethereum-the-dao-bitcoin |title=Ethereum, explained: why Bitcoin's stranger cousin is now worth $1 billion |work=Vox |date=2016-05-24 |accessdate=2016-05-25 |archive-date=2016-05-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160525125742/http://www.vox.com/2016/5/24/11718436/ethereum-the-dao-bitcoin |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

==特點==
相較於較大多數其他加密貨幣或區塊鏈技術，以太坊的特點包括以下幾點：

* [[智能合约]]（smart contract）：儲存在區塊鏈上的程式，由各節點執行，需要執行程式的人支付手續費給節點的礦工或權益人。<ref name=features>{{cite news|script-title=en:Coinbase Co-Founder: “Ethereum Is Ahead of Bitcoin in Many Ways”|author=Lester Coleman|date=2016-05-25|access-date=2016-01-10|publisher=Cryptocoins News|url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/coinbase-co-founder-ethereum-is-ahead-of-bitcoin-in-many-ways/|archive-date=2017-07-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170711041903/https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/coinbase-co-founder-ethereum-is-ahead-of-bitcoin-in-many-ways/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* [[分散式應用程式]]：以太坊上的分散式應用程式不會停機，也不能被關掉。
* 代幣（tokens）：智能合約可以創造代幣供分散式應用程式使用。分散式應用程式的代幣化讓使用者、投資者以及管理者的利益一致。代幣也可以用來進行[[首次代幣發行]]。
* [[权益證明]]（proof-of-stake）：相較於工作量證明更有效率，可節省大量在挖礦時浪費的電腦資源，並避免[[特殊應用積體電路]]造成網路中心化。2022年9月15日與主鏈合併<ref>{{cite web|title=合并|2=ethereum.org|author=ethereum.org|publisher=ethereum.org|date=20221-09-15|accessdate=2022-09-18|url=https://ethereum.org/zh/upgrades/merge/|archive-date=2022-09-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220916040746/https://ethereum.org/zh/upgrades/merge/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 燃料（gas）：由交易手續費的概念擴充，在執行各種運算（computation）時需計算燃料消耗量，並繳交燃料費，包括傳送以太幣或者其他代幣也被視為一種運算動作。
* 原丹克分片（Proto-Danksharding）：在部份節點上暫存資料，以提升效率。尚未實作。
* 叔塊：此功能在轉為權益證明後已停用。原本的功能是將因為速度較慢而未及時被收入母鏈的較短區塊鏈併入，以提升交易量。使用的是[[有向無環圖]]的相關技術。<ref name="features" />

===第二層功能===
{| class="wikitable nowrap infobox"
|+ 支鏈比較
|-
! 主鏈驗證機制 !! 交易資料寫入主鏈 !! 交易資料不寫入主鏈
|-
! 雙向通道 
| || 平行鏈
|-
! Optimistic 詐騙證明
| Optimistic Rollup || Plasma
|-
! 零知識有效證明
| zk Rollup || Validium
|}

除了在主鏈上執行的各種功能，為了支援智能合約所需的高運算量以及資料容量，以太坊也積極開發第二層功能來減輕主鏈的負擔、提升交易速度、擴展其實用規模。第二層功能大多在2019~2021年發展成形，目前的主要方案包括以下：
* 狀態通道（state channels）：原理同比特幣的閃雷網路，將時常交易的一些結點之間的交易給果打包後再把最終結果寫入主鏈。實作的例子包括雷電網路（Raiden）<ref name=features/>、Connext、Kchannels等。
* 支鏈：用較小的分支或平行的區塊鏈執行一部份的運算，只將一部份的資料寫入主鏈，以減輕主鏈的負擔
** 平行鏈：可能使用完全不同的區塊鏈結構和驗證機制，只在開頭和結尾用雙向橋接和主鏈相連。實作的例子有Skale、xDai、POA等。
** Plasma 和 Validium支鏈：將大部份的合約執行和運算都移到支鏈上進行，只將最後交易結果寫入主鏈。此方案由於交易資料未寫入主鏈，安全性較差，但擴容效果較佳。實作的例子包括OMG、Polygon、Starkware、Loopring等。
** Rollup支鏈：將鏈上資料複製一份，在鏈外用[[以太坊虛擬機]]（EVM）執行合約並確認後，將交易數據壓縮再寫入主鏈。主鏈上另有一系列合約可以驗證結果正確，可再分為 Optimistic 和[[零知識證明]]兩種驗證方式。<ref>{{cite web|title=Plasma 與 Rollup 是以太坊二層擴容核心 (ZK,Optimistic)|author=潘致雄|publisher=ABMedia|date=2021-01-17|accessdate=2021-11-08|url=https://www.abmedia.io/chainnews-introducing-plasma-and-rollup|archive-date=2021-11-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211108091842/https://www.abmedia.io/chainnews-introducing-plasma-and-rollup|dead-url=no}}</ref>

==開發歷史==
{| class="wikitable nowrap sortable infobox"
|+ 以太坊程序升級歷史
|-
! 名稱 !! 啟用日期 !! 啟用區塊 !! 概要
|-
| 邊境 || 2015-07-30 || style="text-align:right" | 0
|-
| 冰期 || 2015-09-08 || style="text-align:right" | 200,000 || 加入挖礦難度炸彈
|-
| 家園 || 2016-03-15 || style="text-align:right" | 1,150,000 || 智能合約擴增功能
|-
| DAO 分叉 || 2016-07-20 || style="text-align:right" | 1,920,000 || 復原DAO攻擊
|-
| 橙哨 || 2016-10-18 || style="text-align:right" | 2,463,000 || 提高交易成本反制[[DoS]]攻擊
|-
| 假龍 || 2016-11-23 || style="text-align:right" | 2,675,000 || 修正DAO分叉造成的重放攻擊
|-
| 拜占庭 || 2017-10-16 || style="text-align:right" | 4,370,000 || 加密演算法擴增、難度炸彈延後、挖礦獎勵減少
|-
| 君士坦汀堡/聖彼德堡 || 2019-02-28 || style="text-align:right" | 7,280,000 || 智能合約功能擴增和優化、難度炸彈延後、挖礦獎勵減少
|-
| 伊斯坦堡 || 2019-12-08 || style="text-align:right" |9,069,000 || 各種優化和新功能
|-
| 繆爾冰川 ||  2020-01-01 || style="text-align:right" |9,200,000 || 難度炸彈延後
|-
| ETH 2.0第0期 ||2020-12-01 || style="text-align:right" |（信標鏈）0 || 信標鏈啟用，允許權益證明的抵押（staking）
|-
| 柏林 || 2021-04-15 || style="text-align:right" |12,244,000 || 新增交易方式、調整交易成本
|-
| 倫敦 || 2021-08-05 || style="text-align:right" | 12,965,000  || 交易手續費改由系統計算並且會銷毀而非交給礦工
|-
| 牛郎星 || 2021-10-28 || （信標鏈）74240 || 信標鏈升級，獎懲機制微調
|-
| 艾羅冰河 || 2021-12-08 || style="text-align:right" |13,773,000 || 難度炸彈延後
|-
|格雷冰河
|2022-06-30
|15,050,000
|難度炸彈延後
|-
|參宿五
|2022-09-06
|（信標鏈）144,896
|信標鏈預備和區塊鏈結合
|-
|巴黎
|2022-09-15
|15,537,394
|區塊鏈停止挖礦，完全轉為權益證明
|-
| 五車二 || 2023-04-13 || style="text-align:right" |（信標鏈）194048 || 可提領權益證明中抵押的以太幣
|-
| [[上海市]] || 2023-04-13 || style="text-align:right" | 17,034,871 || 可提領權益證明中抵押的以太幣
|-
|涌升
|未定
|未定
|利用原丹克分片，將交易速度上升至每秒十萬筆
|-
|禍害
|未定
|未定
|將驗證過程拆分成提議和建造區塊鏈
|-
|邊界
|未定
|未定
|利用零知識證明進一步簡化驗證過程
|-
|清除
|未定
|未定
|利用零知識證明減少區塊鏈的資料量
|-
|揮霍
|未定
|未定
|各種優化
|}

=== 起源 ===
以太坊最初由[[維塔利克·布特林]]在2013年提出<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/White-Paper |title=存档副本 |access-date=2017-01-09 |archive-date=2014-01-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111180823/http://ethereum.org/ethereum.html |dead-url=no }}</ref>。布特林本是一名參與比特幣社群的程式設計師，曾向比特幣核心開發人員主張比特幣平臺應該要有個更完善的程式語言讓人開發程式，但未得到他們的同意，因此決定開發一個新的平臺作此用途<ref name=tapscott201605>{{cite book |last=Tapscott|first1=Don |last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex |title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World |url=https://archive.org/details/blockchainrevolu0000taps|date=May 2016 |isbn=978-0670069972 |accessdate=2016-08-31 }}</ref>{{rp|88}}。布特林認為很多程式都可以用類似比特幣的原理來達成進一步的發展<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014">{{cite web|last=Finley|first=Klint|url=http://www.wired.com/2014/01/ethereum/|title=Out in the Open: Teenage Hacker Transforms Web Into One Giant Bitcoin Network|website=Wired|date=2014-01-27|accessdate=2016-03-21|archive-date=2016-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318170702/http://www.wired.com/2014/01/ethereum/|dead-url=no}}</ref>，在2013年寫下了《以太坊白皮書》，說明了建造去中心化程式的目標<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014"/><ref name="Schneider-2014-04-07">{{cite web|url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/7/code-your-own-utopiameetethereumbitcoinasmostambitioussuccessor.html|title=Code your own utopia: Meet Ethereum, bitcoin's most ambitious successor|date=2014-04-07|publisher=Al Jazeera|last1=Schneider|first1=Nathan|accessdate=2016-02-21|archive-date=2016-02-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223191510/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2014/4/7/code-your-own-utopiameetethereumbitcoinasmostambitioussuccessor.html|dead-url=no}}</ref>。然後2014年透過網路公開募資得到開發的資金，投資人用比特幣向基金會購買以太幣<ref name="forbes20160423">{{cite news|url=http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/|title=Digital Gold 'Done Right' With DigixDAO Crypto-Trading On OpenLedger|last=Aitken|first=Roger|date=2016-04-23|work=[[Forbes]]|accessdate=2016-04-28|archive-date=2016-04-28|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160428095627/http://www.forbes.com/sites/rogeraitken/2016/04/23/digital-gold-done-right-with-digixdao-crypto-trading-on-openledger/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

最初以太坊程式是由一間位在瑞士的公司 Ethereum Switzerland GmbH 開發<ref name=et20140510>{{cite news |last=Schmid |first=Valentin |url=http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/668104-the-entrepreneur-joe-lubin-coo-of-ethereum/ |title=The Entrepreneur: Joe Lubin, COO of Ethereum |work=Epoch Times |date=2014-05-10 |accessdate=2016-03-31 |archive-date=2016-04-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425215408/http://www.theepochtimes.com/n3/668104-the-entrepreneur-joe-lubin-coo-of-ethereum/ |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name=bloomberg20160820>{{cite web |url=http://www.bloomberg.com/Research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |title=Company Overview of Ethereum Switzerland GmbH |publisher=Bloomberg |date=2016-08-20 |deadurl=unfit |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170520045630/https://www.bloomberg.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=309484729 |archivedate=2017-05-20 |accessdate=2016-08-20 |quote=The company was founded in 2014 and is based in Baar, Switzerland. }}</ref>，之後轉移至一個非營利機構「以太坊基金會」（Ethereum Foundation）<ref name=forbes20160423/>。在平臺開始發展的最初，有人稱讚以太坊的科技創新，但也有人質疑其安全和可擴展性。<ref name="Finley-27-Jan-2014"/>

開發計畫分為四個階段：邊境（{{lang|en|Frontier}}，也有「前鋒」的意思）、家園（{{lang|en|Homestead}}）、都會（{{lang|en|Metropolis}}）、寧靜（{{lang|en|Serenity}}）。

=== 邊境（2015年） ===
以太坊的公共區塊鏈在2015年7月30日啟動<ref name=tapscott201605_p87>{{cite book |last=Tapscott|first1=Don |last2=Tapscott|first2=Alex |title=The Blockchain Revolution: How the Technology Behind Bitcoin is Changing Money, Business, and the World |url=https://archive.org/details/blockchainrevolu0000taps|date=May 2016 |isbn=978-0670069972 |accessdate=2016-08-31 |page=[https://archive.org/details/blockchainrevolu0000taps/page/87 87] |quote=''July 30, 2015, ... Ethereum ... went live.  ... Ethereum is like bitcoin in that its ether motivates a network of peers to validate transactions, secure the network, and achieve consensus about what exists and what has occurred.  But unlike bitcoin it contains some powerful tools to help developers and others create software services ranging from decentralized games to stock exchanges. ... a more robust scripting language for developing applications.''}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 |title=Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s |accessdate=2016-09-02 |date=2016-03-27 |archive-date=2016-03-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160331073514/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 |dead-url=no }}</ref>，最初的版本稱為「邊境」，用的是[[工作量證明]]（proof-of-work）的演算法，但未來預期會轉換成[[权益證明]]（proof-of-stake）<ref name=tapscott201605/>{{rp|32}}。啟用後不久進行了第一次分叉，調整未來[[挖礦]]的難度，確保未來的使用者會有轉換至权益證明的動機<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereum-prepares-spurious-dragon-hardfork/ |title=存档副本 |access-date=2017-01-09 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084303/https://www.ccn.com/ethereum-prepares-spurious-dragon-hardfork/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。邊境最初只能挖礦，主要功能是讓使用者有時間加入以太鏈，過了幾天後才能交易和使用智能合約。

=== 家園（2016年） ===
2016年春季進行了第二次分叉，釋出了第一個穩定版本，稱作「家園」（Homestead）。

2016年六月，以太坊上的一個[[去中心化自治組織]] [[The DAO]] 被駭，造成市值五千萬美元的以太幣被移動到只有該駭客可以控制的「分身DAO」<ref name="nythack">{{cite news|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html|title=Hacker May Have Taken $50 Million From Cybercurrency Project|date=2016-06-17|newspaper=The New York Times|last1=Popper|first1=Nathaniel|accessdate=2017-01-09|archive-date=2016-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161209032844/http://www.nytimes.com/2016/06/18/business/dealbook/hacker-may-have-removed-more-than-50-million-from-experimental-cybercurrency-project.html|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="bi20160617">{{cite web|url=http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|title=Digital currency Ethereum is cratering amid claims of a $50 million hack|last=Price|first=Rob|date=2016-06-17|website=Business Insider|access-date=2017-01-09|archive-date=2017-06-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170611195628/http://uk.businessinsider.com/dao-hacked-ethereum-crashing-in-value-tens-of-millions-allegedly-stolen-2016-6|dead-url=no}}</ref>。因為程式不允許駭客立即提取這些以太幣，以太坊使用者有時間討論如何處理此事<ref name=Wired10160618>Klint Finley for Wired. June 18, 2016 [http://www.wired.com/2016/06/50-million-hack-just-showed-dao-human/ A $50 Million Hack Just Showed That The Dao Was All Too Human] {{Wayback|url=http://www.wired.com/2016/06/50-million-hack-just-showed-dao-human/ |date=20161223034756 }}</ref>，考慮的方案包括取回以太幣和關閉DAO，而DAO去中心化的本質也表示沒有中央權力可以立即反應，而需要使用者的共識<ref name="Wired10160618" /><ref name="bi20160617"/>。最後在2016年7月20日，以太坊進行硬分叉，作出一個向後不兼容的改變，<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/hacked-blockchain-fund-the-dao-chooses-a-hard-fork-to-redistribute-funds|title="Hard Fork" Coming to Restore Ethereum Funds to Investors of Hacked DAO|last=Peck|first=Morgan|date=2016-07-19|website=IEEE Spectrum: Technology, Engineering, and Science News|publisher=IEEE|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-date=2017-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170303002838/http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/hacked-blockchain-fund-the-dao-chooses-a-hard-fork-to-redistribute-funds|dead-url=no}}</ref>讓所有的以太幣（包括被移動的）回歸原處，而不接受此改變的區塊鏈則成為[[以太坊經典]]<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/07/20/ethereum-gets-its-hard-fork-and-the-truth-gets-tested/|script-title=en:Ethereum Gets Its Hard Fork, and the ‘Truth’ Gets Tested|last=Vigna|first=Paul|date=2016-07-20|website=Moneybeat|publisher=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=2016-07-20|archive-date=2016-07-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160722214327/http://blogs.wsj.com/moneybeat/2016/07/20/ethereum-gets-its-hard-fork-and-the-truth-gets-tested/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。這是第一次有主流區塊鏈為了補償投資人，而透過分叉來更動交易记录<ref name=":2" />。

在分叉以前就持有以太幣的人會同時持有以太幣和以太幣經典（Classic Ether, ETC），存在交易所或線上錢包中的以太幣也不例外。這些線上服務大多選擇只支持其中一種以太幣，並讓使用者領回另一種以太幣<ref>{{cite web|url=https://coinidol.com/ethereum-classic-war-at-the-cryptocurrency-exchanges/|title=Ethereum Classic Brings War To The Cryptocurrency Exchanges|first=Daniel|last=Dabek|work=CoinIdol|date=2016-07-29|accessdate=2016-07-29|archive-date=2017-01-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170110104729/https://coinidol.com/ethereum-classic-war-at-the-cryptocurrency-exchanges/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在這次分叉之後，造成了在兩個區塊鏈之間進行[[重放攻击]]的可能，加上其他網路攻擊，讓以太坊和以太坊經典又各自進行了數次分叉來避免攻擊<ref name=":3">{{Cite web|url=https://news.bitcoin.com/ethereum-plans-hard-fork-twice/|title=Ethereum to Hard Fork Two More Times Following Recent Attacks|last=Redman|first=Jamie|date=2016-10-14|website=Bitcoin.com|publisher=Bitcoin.com|access-date=2016-11-22|archive-date=2016-11-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161102153204/https://news.bitcoin.com/ethereum-plans-hard-fork-twice/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-blockchain-fork-ddos-attacks/|language=en|title=The Blockchain Created By Ethereum's Fork is Forking Now|last=Hertig|first=Alyssa|date=2016-10-25|website=CoinDesk|publisher=CoinDesk|access-date=2016-11-22|archive-date=2016-11-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161121235919/http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-classic-blockchain-fork-ddos-attacks/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。其中2016年11月底的分叉因為溝通疏失，短暫造成以太坊的兩個主要用戶端程序 Parity 和 Geth 失去共識而產生意外的分叉，但問題在數小時內即被找出並修正<ref>{{Cite news|language=en|publisher=Coin Telegraph|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-in-free-fall-as-floor-beneath-it-drops|title=Ethereum In Free Fall As Floor Beneath It Drops|newspaper=CoinTelegraph|access-date=2016-12-07|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220101202/https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-in-free-fall-as-floor-beneath-it-drops|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

=== 都會（2017~2019年）===
「都會」的開發遇到許多延遲，升級分成了三次分叉，2017年10月的「拜占庭」、2019年2月的「君士坦丁堡」和「聖彼德堡」、以及2019年12月的「伊斯坦堡」。這些升級主要改善智能合約的編寫、提高安全性、加入難度炸彈以及一些核心架構的修改，以協助未來從工作量證明轉至權益證明。安全性升級包括讓以太坊可以使用[[零知識證明]]的zk-SNARKs和zk-STARKs，也能和[[Zcash]]鏈互通。<ref>{{cite news|author=Jon Buck|date=2017-08-19|title=Ethereum Announces Metropolis Hard Fork Coming Late September|publisher=Coin Telegraph|language=en|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-announces-metropolis-hard-fork-coming-late-september|accessdate=2020-08-25|archive-date=2020-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903094011/https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-announces-metropolis-hard-fork-coming-late-september|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Jon Buck|date=2017-09-21|title=Ethereum Upgrade Byzantium Is Live, Verifies First ZK-Snark Proof|language=en|publisher=Coin Telegraph|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-upgrade-byzantium-is-live-verifies-first-zk-snark-proof|accessdate=2020-08-25|archive-date=2020-08-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200823183923/https://cointelegraph.com/news/ethereum-upgrade-byzantium-is-live-verifies-first-zk-snark-proof|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name=5yr/>

在使用方面，2017年以太坊和比特幣首次進行了原子交換（{{lang|en|atomic swap}}），用智能合約讓不同鏈上的加密貨幣互相交易<ref>{{cite news|title=Bitcoin-Ethereum Atomic Swap Code Now Open Source|date=201710-11|author=Alyssa Hertig|publisher=CoinDesk|url=https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-ethereum-atomic-swap-code-now-open-source|accessdate=2020-08-26|archive-date=2019-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190927044751/https://www.coindesk.com/bitcoin-ethereum-atomic-swap-code-now-open-source|dead-url=no}}</ref>。ERC-20也在2017年成為標準，成千上萬個專案透過以此進行集資，稱作「首次代幣發行」（{{lang|en|Initial Coin Offering, ICO}}）。2019年DeFi和MakerDAO等金融商品成為以太鏈上最大的產業。[[三星電子|三星]]手機、[[Opera瀏覽器]]以及[[微軟]]都開發了以太坊的相關程式。<ref name=5yr>{{cite news|author=Julia Magas|date=2020-07-31|title=Five Years of Ethereum: From a Teenage Dream to a $38B Blockchain|publisher=Coin Telegraph|language=en|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/five-years-of-ethereum-from-a-teenage-dream-to-a-38b-blockchain|accessdate=2020-08-25|archive-date=2020-09-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200901050454/https://cointelegraph.com/news/five-years-of-ethereum-from-a-teenage-dream-to-a-38b-blockchain|dead-url=no}}</ref>

在以太幣的價格方面，2017年從年初的10美金開始暴漲，至2018年初漲到1400美元。然而在2018年，人們對區塊鏈的熱潮慢慢退卻，至年底價格又跌至85美元。<ref name=5yr/>

===寧靜（2020~至今）===
「寧靜」又稱為「以太坊2.0」，主要目標是轉換至權益證明，並開發第二層擴容方案。分成三階段升級：柏林、倫敦、以及雙鏈合併<ref name="berlinplan">{{cite news|author=Kirill Bryanov|date=2019-11-19|title=Istanbul to Berlin: Ethereum Milestones on the Road to Serenity|publisher=Coin Telegraph|language=en|url=https://cointelegraph.com/news/istanbul-to-berlin-ethereum-milestones-on-the-road-to-serenity|accessdate=2020-08-25|archive-date=2020-09-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200903113308/https://cointelegraph.com/news/istanbul-to-berlin-ethereum-milestones-on-the-road-to-serenity|dead-url=no}}</ref>。在完成雙鏈合併後（Merge），則有五個階段：涌升（Surge）、禍害（Scourge）、邊界（Verge）、清除（Purge）、揮霍（Splurge）。

權益證明所需的信標鏈在2020年12月1日上線，並允許權益證明的抵押，但尚不能提領。至2021年11月，已有8百萬以太幣加入權益證明的抵押，約佔總發行量的7%。2021年進行了柏林和倫敦分叉，並升級了信標鏈，為未來轉換至權益證明作準備，並透過銷毀手續費和降低區塊獎勵的方式控制總發行量。

2022年9月15日，以太坊合并完成，主网与[[持有量證明|PoS]]共识层信标链（Beacon链）结合、将此前[[工作量證明|PoW]]工作量证明机制转变为[[持有量證明|PoS]]权益证明机制，宣布以太坊正式进入2.0时代<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author=蓝鲸新金融 金子琪 |date=2022-09-15 |title=以太坊“合并”完成，大规模矿机挖矿时代生变，价格短时跌破1600美元24小时跌幅约1% |url=https://www.lanjinger.com/d/192341 |website=蓝鲸财经 |access-date=2022-09-15 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084303/https://www.lanjinger.com/d/192341 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。此举意味着，以太坊将告别大规模矿机挖矿时代，持有者通过质押以太坊代币（ETH）即可挖矿，质押门槛为32个ETH<ref name=":0" />。

== 以太幣 ==
{{Infobox Currency
| currency_name = 以太币
| date_of_introduction = 2015年7月30日
| using_countries = 全球
| inflation_title = [[货币供给]]
| inflation_rate = 不明<ref name=supply>{{cite news|title=“How many Ethereum are there?” Bitcoin Author and ETH Foundation|publisher=Digital Market News|date=2020-08-11|author=Ronald Slater|url=https://www.digitalmarketnews.com/how-many-ethereum-are-there-bitcoin-author-and-eth-foundation/|accessdate=2020-08-27|archive-date=2022-09-15|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084302/https://www.digitalmarketnews.com/ethereum-and-bitcoin-are-on-a-bull-run/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
| subunit_ratio_1 = 1
| subunit_name_1 = 以太（Ether）
| subunit_ratio_2 = {{val|e=-3}}
| subunit_name_2 = 芬尼（finney）
| subunit_ratio_3 = {{val|e=-6}}
| subunit_name_3 = 萨博（szabo）
| subunit_ratio_4 = {{val|e=-18}}
| subunit_name_4 = 維（wei）
| symbol = [[Ξ]]<ref name="Forum">{{cite web|title=The symbol for Ether is...|date=2014-06-07|accessdate=2014-08-14|url=http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/comment/4823/|website=Ethereum Forum|archive-date=2014-08-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140814180109/http://forum.ethereum.org/discussion/comment/4823/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>, ETH
}}

以太坊區塊鏈上的代幣稱為以太幣（Ether），代碼為ETH<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://iamdelta.dev/how-to-buy-nfts |title=OpenSea 购买 NFT 详细步骤，以 MetaMask 钱包为例 |access-date=2022-01-19 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084332/https://porter.to/how-to-buy-nfts |dead-url=no }}</ref>，可在許多加密貨幣的[[外匯市場]]上交易<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.afr.com/technology/bitcoin-rival-ethereums-price-skyrockets-20160211-gmrltn|title=Bitcoin rival Ethereum's price skyrockets|last=Sier|first=Jessica|date=2016-02-11|work=Australian Financial Review|accessdate=2016-02-22|archive-date=2016-02-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160218014449/http://www.afr.com/technology/bitcoin-rival-ethereums-price-skyrockets-20160211-gmrltn|dead-url=no}}</ref>，它也是以太坊上用來支付交易手續費和運算服務的媒介<ref name="nyt20160316">Nathaniel Popper for the New York Times. March 27, 2016 [http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 Ethereum, a Virtual Currency, Enables Transactions That Rival Bitcoin’s] {{Wayback|url=http://www.nytimes.com/2016/03/28/business/dealbook/ethereum-a-virtual-currency-enables-transactions-that-rival-bitcoins.html?_r=0 |date=20160331073514 }}</ref><ref name=ibt20160120>{{cite news |last1=Allison |first1=Ian |title=R3 connects 11 banks to distributed ledger using Ethereum and Microsoft Azure |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/r3-connects-11-banks-distributed-ledger-using-ethereum-microsoft-azure-1539044 |work=International Business Times |date=2016-01-20 |accessdate=2016-02-23 |archive-date=2016-02-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223021945/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/r3-connects-11-banks-distributed-ledger-using-ethereum-microsoft-azure-1539044 |dead-url=no }}</ref> 。以太幣的總發行量不明，因為權益證明的具體運作方式仍在研究中，而雖然難度炸彈限制了工作量證明的挖礦的區塊數量上限，但因為叔塊也有獎勵，而且叔塊的數量並不一定，造成確切數量難以估算<ref name=supply/>。

以太幣對其他實體貨幣的匯率可能在短時間內大幅變化，例如2016年[[The DAO]]被駭時，對美元的匯率從 $21.50 跌至 $15<ref name="bi20160617"/>，而2017年初到2018年初的的一年間從大約10美金漲到1400美元<ref name=5yr/>。

布特林在2016年4月售出手上持有的四分之一以太幣，造成一些人質疑，而他本人則說這是理財上很合理的分散風險，並引用前比特幣開發員 Gavin Andresen 說這一切都還只是一場實驗，仍有失敗的可能。<ref>{{cite web|title=Ethereum Developer Vitalik Buterin Sold 25% Of His Coins|url=http://themerkle.com/ethereum-developer-vitalik-buterin-sold-25-of-his-coins/|first=JP|last=Buntinx|date=2016-04-23|accessdate=2016-04-27|work=The Merkle|archive-date=2016-04-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160426132059/http://themerkle.com/ethereum-developer-vitalik-buterin-sold-25-of-his-coins/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://forklog.net/vitalik-buterin-sold-a-quarter-of-his-eth-tokens/|title=Vitalik Buterin Sold a Quarter of His ETH Tokens|date=2016-04-26|accessdate=2016-04-27|work=ForkLog Magazine|archive-date=2016-05-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501022934/http://forklog.net/vitalik-buterin-sold-a-quarter-of-his-eth-tokens/|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== 智慧合約 ==
{{main article|智慧合約}}
以太坊最重要的技術貢獻就是[[智慧合約]]。智慧合約是儲存在區塊鏈上的程式，可以協助和驗證合約的談判和執行。以太坊的智慧合約可以數種用圖靈完備的程式語言寫成<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techcrunch.com/2015/08/01/vapor-no-more-ethereum-has-launched/|title=Vapor No More: Ethereum Has Launched|publisher=techcrunch.com|last1=Jon|first1=Evans|accessdate=2016-02-25|archive-date=2016-02-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222025718/http://techcrunch.com/2015/08/01/vapor-no-more-ethereum-has-launched/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。[[紐約時報]]稱以太坊平臺是一台由眾多使用者構成的網路來運轉的公用電腦，並用以太幣來分配和支付這台電腦的使用權<ref name="nyt20160316" />。[[經濟學人]]則說明智慧合約可以讓眾多組織的資料庫得以用低廉的成本互動，並且讓使用者寫下精密的合約，功能之一是產生去中心化自治組織，也就是一間只是由以太坊合約構成的虛擬公司。<ref name=theEconomist20151031>{{cite news|url=http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable|title=The great chain of being sure about things|date=2015-10-31|work=The Economist|access-date=2016-05-04|quote=''All sorts of companies and public bodies suffer from hard-to-maintain and often incompatible databases and the high transaction costs of getting them to talk to each other. This is the problem Ethereum, arguably the most ambitious distributed-ledger project, wants to solve. ... Ethereum’s distributed ledger can deal with more data than bitcoin’s can. And it comes with a programming language that allows users to write more sophisticated smart contracts, [that among other things] allow the formation of "decentralised autonomous organisations"—virtual companies that are basically just sets of rules running on Ethereum’s blockchain.''|archive-date=2016-07-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160703000844/http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21677228-technology-behind-bitcoin-lets-people-who-do-not-know-or-trust-each-other-build-dependable|dead-url=no}}</ref>

因為合約內容公開，合約可以證明其宣稱的功能是真實的，例如虛擬賭場可以證明它是公平的<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Piasecki|first=Piotr J.|year=2016|title=Gaming Self-Contained Provably Fair Smart Contract Casinos|url=http://www.ledgerjournal.org/ojs/index.php/ledger/article/view/29|journal=Ledger|volume=1|pages=99-110|doi=10.5195/ledger.2016.29|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=2016-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161224031048/http://www.ledgerjournal.org/ojs/index.php/ledger/article/view/29|dead-url=no}}</ref>。另一方面，合約的公開性也表示如果合約中有[[漏洞]]，任何人都可以立刻看到，而修正程式可能會需要一些時間<ref name="Peck20160528">{{cite web|url=http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|title=Ethereum’s $150-Million Blockchain-Powered Fund Opens Just as Researchers Call For a Halt|first=M.|last=Peck|date=2016-05-28|work=IEEE Spectrum|publisher=[[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]]|access-date=2017-01-10|archive-date=2016-05-30|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160530202345/http://spectrum.ieee.org/tech-talk/computing/networks/ethereums-150-million-dollar-dao-opens-for-business-just-as-researchers-call-for-a-moratorium|dead-url=no}}</ref>。The DAO 就是一個例子，無法即時阻止<ref name="nythack" />。

智慧合約的許多細節仍在研究中，包括如何驗證合約的功能。[[微軟研究院]]的報告指出要寫出完善的合約可能非常困難，討論了微軟開發的一些可以用來驗證合約的工具，並提到如果大規模分析各個已發佈的合約，可能發現找出大量的漏洞。報告也說可以證明Solidity程式和以太虛擬機編碼的等同性。<ref>{{cite web|title=Short Paper: Formal Verification of Smart Contracts|url=http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/nswamy/papers/solidether.pdf|website=microsoft.com/|publisher=Microsoft|accessdate=2016-08-25|archive-date=2016-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827092146/http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/um/people/nswamy/papers/solidether.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>

=== 程式語言 ===
{{main article|Solidity}}
Gavin Wood寫的《以太坊黃皮書》中定義了以太虛擬機的運作流程<ref>[http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf Ethereum Yellow Paper] {{Wayback|url=http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf |date=20150218081301 }} by Gavin Wood</ref>。智慧合約可以專門為此開發的Solidity程式語言寫成，或是[[Python]]的一個變體Serpent<ref name="cptocoinnewsbrave">{{cite web|url=https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereums-brave-new-world/|title=Ethereum’s Brave New World|last=Rauhauser|first=Neal|date=2014-11-12|website=Cryptocoinnews.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-12|work=|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220151414/https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/ethereums-brave-new-world/|dead-url=no}}</ref>，或是LLL<ref name=browning2016>{{cite book |last=Browning |first1=David |url=https://books.google.co.th/books?id=2zMlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35&dq=solidity+blockchain&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=solidity%20blockchain&f=false |title=Digital Siege: Why Young Entrepreneurs Are Winning Paperback |date=May 2016 |isbn=978-1628652963 |accessdate=2017-01-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170109034037/https://books.google.co.th/books?id=2zMlDAAAQBAJ&pg=PT35&dq=solidity+blockchain&hl=en&sa=X&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=solidity%20blockchain&f=false |archive-date=2017-01-09 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。以太虛擬機也可以在Mutan上運行<ref name="ethereum-languages">{{cite web|title=Ethereum High Level Languages|url=http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/contracts-and-transactions/contracts.html|website=Ethdocs.org|accessdate=2016-09-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160907012428/http://ethdocs.org/en/latest/contracts-and-transactions/contracts.html|archive-date=2016-09-07|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。智慧合約之後會編譯成[[位元組碼]]，然後發佈在以太坊區塊鏈上<ref name=browning2016/><ref name="CoinDesk1">{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-bug-sends-smart-contracts-back-drawing-board/|title=Ethereum Bug Sends Smart Contracts Back to the Drawing Board|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-11-02|website=CoinDesk.com|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-12|work=|archive-date=2016-12-07|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161207164017/http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-bug-sends-smart-contracts-back-drawing-board/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

=== 運行效率 ===
將所有合約存在區塊鏈上每個結點的作法有好有壞<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-are-banks-actually-going-use-blockchains-smart-contracts-1539789|title=How are banks actually going to use blockchains and smart contracts?|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-01-25|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2016-05-04|archive-date=2016-05-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508064831/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/how-are-banks-actually-going-use-blockchains-smart-contracts-1539789|dead-url=no}}</ref>。主要的缺點是所有的結點都同時要運算所有的合約，因此速度較慢<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。開發人員正研究將[[資料切分]]（Sharding）的技術套用至以太坊<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。2016年9月布特林發表了改善可擴展性的企畫<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-creator-vitalik-buterin-scaling-devcon2/ |title=存档副本 |access-date=2017-01-10 |archive-date=2017-06-06 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170606035320/http://www.coindesk.com/ethereum-creator-vitalik-buterin-scaling-devcon2/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。截至2016年1月，以太坊每秒可以處理25個交易<ref name="ibtimes.co.uk"/>。

== 實作 ==
智慧合約的潛在應用很多。彭博社商業週刊稱它是「所有人共享但無法篡改的軟體」<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|title=This Is Your Company on Blockchain|last=|first=|date=|website=Bloomberg Businessweek|publisher=|access-date=2016-09-14|archive-date=2016-09-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914101357/http://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-08-25/this-is-your-company-on-blockchain|dead-url=no}}</ref>。更高階的軟體有可能用以太坊建立網路商店<ref name=forbes20160423/>。

=== 區塊鏈程式 ===
<!-- 注意：依維基百科方針，需有獨立第三方報導的應用才能列入-->
以太坊可以用來建立去中心化的程式、自治組織和智慧合約，據紐約時報的報導，在2016年5月已經有數十個可用的程式<ref name=nyt20160316/><ref name=ibt20160120/>。預期的應用目標涵蓋金融、[[物聯網]]、[[農田到餐桌]]（farm-to-table）、[[智慧電網]]、[[體育賭博]]等<ref name=nyt20160316/>。去中心化自治組織有潛力讓許多原本無法執行或成本過高的營運模型成為可能<ref>{{cite web|url=http://cointelegraph.com/news/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-ethereum-sparks-up-googles-of-tomorrow|title=Decentralized Autonomous Organizations: Ethereum Sparks Up Googles of Tomorrow|last=Bordet|first=Julián|date=2016-03-21|website=The Cointelegraph|publisher=|access-date=2016-07-21|archive-date=2016-06-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160627031709/http://cointelegraph.com/news/decentralized-autonomous-organizations-ethereum-sparks-up-googles-of-tomorrow|dead-url=no}}</ref>。目前較知名的應用有：
* 遊戲：[[CryptoKitties]]讓玩家繁殖及交易虛擬貓<ref>{{cite news|title=不想挖礦 就來養貓 虛擬貓 1隻炒到350萬|publisher=自由時報|url=http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/weeklybiz/paper/1160984|date=2017-12-18|author=王惠慧|access-date=2018-04-01|archive-date=2018-04-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180401212927/http://news.ltn.com.tw/news/weeklybiz/paper/1160984|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
*類[[龐氏騙局]]的賭局遊戲：[[Fomo 3D]]，不同於傳統的龐氏騙局，最後一位加入賭局中的人可獲得總資金盤中的48%<ref>{{cite web|title = 以太幣(ETH)Dapp-FOMO 3D遊戲介紹(F3D)|date =2018-07-25 |publisher = FOMO Lin}}</ref>
* [[遊戲道具|虛擬寶物]]交易平臺：FreeMyVunk<ref>{{cite web|title=Game-changers FreeMyVunk and Digix allow video gamers to trade virtual assets for physical gold|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/game-changers-freemyvunk-digix-allow-video-gamers-trade-virtual-assets-physical-gold-1534436|last=Allison|first=Ian|website=International Business Times|date=2015-12-22|accessdate=2016-03-24|archive-date=2016-03-17|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317103247/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/game-changers-freemyvunk-digix-allow-video-gamers-trade-virtual-assets-physical-gold-1534436|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 去中心化創業投資：The DAO用以太幣資金創立，目標是為商企業和非營利機構建立新的去中心化營業模式<ref name="sut2016051">{{cite news |last=Rennie |first=Ellie |url=http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/05/the-radical-dao-experiment.php |title=The radical DAO experiment |work=Swinburne News |publisher=Swinburne University of Technology |date=2016-05-12 |accessdate=2016-05-12 |quote=''When it reaches the end of the funding phase on May 28, it will begin contracting blockchain-based start-ups to create innovative technologies. The extraordinary thing about The DAO is that no single entity owns it, and it has no conventional management structure or board of directors.'' |archive-date=2016-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160516134246/http://www.swinburne.edu.au/news/latest-news/2016/05/the-radical-dao-experiment.php |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="ibt20160430">{{cite news |last=Allison |first=Ian |url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-reinvents-companies-launch-dao-1557576 |title=Ethereum reinvents companies with launch of The DAO |work=[[International Business Times]] |date=2016-04-30 |accessdate=2016-05-01 |archive-date=2016-05-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501100902/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-reinvents-companies-launch-dao-1557576 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="wsj20160516">{{cite news |last=Vigna |first=Paul |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |title=Chiefless Company Rakes In More Than $100 Million |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |date=2016-05-16 |accessdate=2016-05-16 |archive-date=2016-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160517103510/http://www.wsj.com/articles/chiefless-company-rakes-in-more-than-100-million-1463399393 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="nyt20160316"/><ref name="ibt20160430" />、The Rudimental讓獨立藝術家在區塊鏈上進行群眾募資<ref>{{cite web|title=Interview with Troy Murray, CEO of The Rudimental|url=http://sebfor.com/interview-with-troy-murray-ceo-of-the-rudimental/|author=Parker|publisher=Sebfor.com|date=2016-02-11|accessdate=2016-03-24|archive-date=2016-03-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160318140432/http://sebfor.com/interview-with-troy-murray-ceo-of-the-rudimental/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 社會經濟平臺：Backfeed<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geektime.com/2015/08/19/backfeed-wants-to-decentralize-the-internet-and-help-you-earn-what-you-deserve/|title=Backfeed wants to decentralize the Internet and help you earn what you deserve|first=Simona|last=Weinglass|publisher=Geektime.com|date=2015-08-19|accessdate=2016-03-24|archive-date=2016-03-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160314052039/http://www.geektime.com/2015/08/19/backfeed-wants-to-decentralize-the-internet-and-help-you-earn-what-you-deserve/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。
* 去中心化預測市場：[[Augur]]<ref>{{cite news|title=From fine wine to lotteries: Blockchain tech takes off|author=Mark Smith|date=2016-03-29|access-date=2017-01-10|publisher=[[BBC]]|url=http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35890616|archive-date=2017-01-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113044006/http://www.bbc.com/news/business-35890616|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* [[物聯網]]：Ethcore（一間以太坊公司）研發的客戶端<ref>{{cite web|script-title=en:Ethcore Announces Pre-release Of Its Blockchain Technology Suite ‘Parity’|url=http://www.econotimes.com/Ethcore-Announces-Pre-release-Of-Its-Blockchain-Technology-Suite-Parity-159339|website=EconoTimes|accessdate=2016-03-24|date=2016-02-11|archive-date=2016-03-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160316072815/http://www.econotimes.com/Ethcore-Announces-Pre-release-Of-Its-Blockchain-Technology-Suite-Parity-159339|dead-url=no}}</ref>、Chronicled（一間區塊鏈公司）發表了以太坊區塊鏈的實物資產驗證平臺；晶片公司、物理IP創建者和生產者可以用植入的[[藍牙]]或[[近場通訊]]進行驗證<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.nasdaq.com/article/chronicled-introduces-new-ethereum-powered-iot-open-registry-cm670401|title=Chronicled Introduces New Ethereum-Powered IoT Open Registry|last=Young|first=Joseph|date=|work=|publisher=Nasdaq|access-date=|via=|archive-date=2017-01-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111175824/http://www.nasdaq.com/article/chronicled-introduces-new-ethereum-powered-iot-open-registry-cm670401|dead-url=no}}</ref>。Slock.It開發的智慧鎖可以在付費後自動開啟，讓使用者在付費後可以幫電動車充電、或是打開租屋的房門<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-based-slock-reveals-first-ever-lock-opened-money-1527014|title=Ethereum-based Slock.it reveals first ever lock opened with money|last=Allison|first=Ian|work=International Business Times UK|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2016-04-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402023051/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/ethereum-based-slock-reveals-first-ever-lock-opened-money-1527014|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 版權授權：Ujo Music平臺讓創作人用智慧合約發佈音樂，消費者可以直接付費給創作人。[[伊莫珍·希普]]用此平臺發布了一首單曲<ref name="Allison-4-Oct-2015">{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/imogen-heap-shows-how-music-smart-contracts-work-using-ethereum-1522331|title=Imogen Heap shows how smart music contracts work using Ethereum|last=Allison|first=Ian|website=International Business Times|date=2015-10-04|accessdate=2016-03-24|archive-date=2016-03-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321155921/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/imogen-heap-shows-how-music-smart-contracts-work-using-ethereum-1522331|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 智慧電網：TransActive Grid讓使用者可以和鄰居買賣能源<ref>{{cite web|last=Rutkin|first=Aviva|title=Blockchain-based microgrid gives power to consumers in New York|url=https://www.newscientist.com/article/2079334-blockchain-based-microgrid-gives-power-to-consumers-in-new-york/|website=New Scientist|date=2016-03-02|accessdate=2016-03-24|archive-date=2016-03-22|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322204730/https://www.newscientist.com/article/2079334-blockchain-based-microgrid-gives-power-to-consumers-in-new-york/|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 去中心化[[期權]]市場：Etheropt<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/03/30/decentralized-options-exchange-etheropt-uses-automated-ethereum-smart-contract/#ether|title=Decentralized Options Exchange Etheropt Uses Automated Ethereum Smart Contract|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2017-01-08|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108110301/http://www.newsbtc.com/2016/03/30/decentralized-options-exchange-etheropt-uses-automated-ethereum-smart-contract/#ether|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* 釘住匯率的代幣：DigixDAO提供與黃金掛鈎的代幣，在2016年四月正式營運<ref name="forbes20160423" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Perkowitz |first=Aaron |date=July 5, 2022 |title=Rising and Falling: DigixDAO |language=en-US |work=Crypto-Reports |url=https://crypto-reports.io/blog/2022/07/06/rising-and-falling-digixdao/ |archive-date=July 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220706021705/https://crypto-reports.io/blog/2022/07/06/rising-and-falling-digixdao |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |first=JP |last=Buntinx |url=http://themerkle.com/digixdao-dgd-assets-to-be-listed-on-openledger/ |title=DigixDAO DGD Assets To Be Listed on OpenLedger |publisher=The Merkle |date=2016-04-28 |accessdate=2016-05-29 |archive-date=2016-06-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602165743/http://themerkle.com/digixdao-dgd-assets-to-be-listed-on-openledger/ |dead-url=no }}</ref>。Decentralized Capital提供和各種貨幣掛鈎的代幣<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/decentralized-capital-issuing-fiat-backed-digital-assets-ethereum-blockchain-1580763|title=Decentralized Capital issuing fiat-backed digital assets on the Ethereum blockchain|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-09-12|website=International Business Times|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2016-09-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160918154953/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/decentralized-capital-issuing-fiat-backed-digital-assets-ethereum-blockchain-1580763|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* [[行動支付]]：Everex讓[[移工]]匯款回家鄉<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/education-center-2/everex-helps-migrant-workers-send-remittance-back-myanmar-via-ethereum/|title=Everex Helps Migrant Workers Send Remittance Back to Myanmar via Ethereum|last=Mizrahi|first=Avi|date=2016-12-01|website=Finance Magnates|publisher=|access-date=2016-12-14|archive-date=2016-12-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220123635/http://www.financemagnates.com/cryptocurrency/education-center-2/everex-helps-migrant-workers-send-remittance-back-myanmar-via-ethereum/|dead-url=yes}}</ref>。

=== 客戶端軟體 ===
以太坊的2個主要的客戶端軟體是[[Geth (软件)|Geth]]和[[Parity]]。

==== 企業軟體 ====
企業軟體公司也正測試用以太坊作為各種用途。已知有興趣的公司包括[[微軟]]、[[IBM]]、[[摩根大通]]<ref name="nyt20160316" />。

* [[德勤]]和[[ConsenSys]]在2016年宣佈成立數位銀行Project ConsenSys<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/deloitte-build-ethereum-based-digital-bank-new-york-citys-consensys-1557864|title=Deloitte to build Ethereum-based 'digital bank' with New York City's ConsenSys|last=Allison|first=Ian|date=2016-05-03|work=[[International Business Times]]|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2016-05-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160506014539/http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/deloitte-build-ethereum-based-digital-bank-new-york-citys-consensys-1557864|dead-url=no}}</ref>。
* [[R3]]公司在Microsoft Azure上執行私人以太坊區塊鏈，將11間銀行連接至一本分散式帳薄（distributed ledger）<ref name=ibt20160120/>。
* [[Microsoft Visual Studio]]提供程式開發者使用Solidity程式語言<ref>{{cite web |url=http://rethink-iot.com/2016/04/01/hyperledger-blockchain-code-almost-comes-together-for-iot/ |title=Hyperledger blockchain code almost comes together for IoT |publisher=Rethink Research |accessdate=2016-04-23 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160816021545/http://rethink-iot.com/2016/04/01/hyperledger-blockchain-code-almost-comes-together-for-iot/ |archive-date=2016-08-16 |dead-url=yes }}</ref>。
*英國政府中負責推動創新的機構[[Innovate UK]]提供了近25萬英鎊給Tramonex用以太坊發展跨國支付系統<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.coindesk.com/uk-government-awards-250000-develop-cross-border-blockchain-prototype/|title=UK Government Awards £248k for Ethereum Prototype|work=CoinDesk|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2016-06-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160605073836/http://www.coindesk.com/uk-government-awards-250000-develop-cross-border-blockchain-prototype/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/projects?ref=720735|title=Settlement using blockchain to Automate Foreign Exchange in a Regulated environment (SAFER)|work=Innovate UK|access-date=2017-01-11|archive-date=2016-05-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160504022052/http://gtr.rcuk.ac.uk/projects?ref=720735|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

=== 認許制記帳 ===
目前有許多方案正在研究使用以太坊建立認許制的區塊鏈。
* [[摩根大通]]打算用以太坊上建立一個私人區塊鏈「Quorum」。其功能是洗亂衍生性金融產品及其交易紀錄來保護交易者的隱私，但同時符合金融管制單位在資訊公開上的要求，以期在保障隱私和資訊公開之間找到平衡。<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fortune.com/2016/10/04/jp-morgan-chase-blockchain-ethereum-quorum/|title=Why J.P. Morgan Chase Is Building a Blockchain on Ethereum|last=Hacket|first=Robert|date=|website=Fortune|publisher=|access-date=|archive-date=2017-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202033844/http://fortune.com/2016/10/04/jp-morgan-chase-blockchain-ethereum-quorum/|dead-url=no}}</ref>
* [[蘇格蘭皇家銀行]]用以太坊的分散式記帳和智慧合約平臺建立了一個結算交割機制（Clearing and Settlement Mechanism, CSM），可以達成每秒100筆交易、模擬六間銀行，平均每個trip在3到8秒間完成，這些數值用在於全國的支付系統是可接受的<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://emerald-platform.gitlab.io/static/emeraldTechnicalPaper.pdf|title=Proving Ethereum for the Clearing Use Case|last=|first=|date=|work=|access-date=|via=|archive-date=2016-10-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161010182558/https://emerald-platform.gitlab.io/static/emeraldTechnicalPaper.pdf|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

== 採用 ==
2016年五月，紐約時報指出以太坊的採用仍在初期階段，並可能遇到讓成長率減緩的技術或法律問題。許多比特幣支持者認為以太坊比比特幣複雜，所以可能需要面對更多的安全問題。報導也指出這個系統複雜到熟知這個系統的人也很難用普通人的語言來描述它。<ref name="nyt20160316"/>

微軟和 ConsenSys合作，在 [[Microsoft Azure]]上提供第三方開發的區塊鏈工具，包括交易股票和跨境支付等用途。<ref name="Vigna-28-Oct-2015"/>

[[盧森堡交易所]]在2016年10月開始提供用以太坊產生的[[數位簽章]]來證明文件的真實性<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bourse.lu/blockchain-press-release|title=Luxembourg Stock Exchange introduces blockchain into reporting service|last=|first=|date=2016-10-18|website=|publisher=|access-date=2016-11-04|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104211048/https://www.bourse.lu/blockchain-press-release|archivedate=2016-11-04}}</ref>。

[[新加坡金融管理局]]使用以太坊將[[新加坡元]]數位化。<ref>{{cite news|title=新加坡试验在以太坊区块链上发行数字货币|author=1042|publisher=火币网|date=2017-06-09|access-date=2017-06-09|url=http://news.fx168.com/opinion/forex/1706/2281548.shtml|archive-date=2017-06-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629024101/http://news.fx168.com/opinion/forex/1706/2281548.shtml|dead-url=no}}</ref>

== 交易以外的用途 ==
因[[區塊鍊|區塊鏈]]技術難以刪改資料的特質，部分人會運用加密貨幣上傳資料以免被他人刪改。
2018年4月，在[[北大岳昕事件]]中，有用戶把岳昕的公開信上載到以太坊的交易記錄，以免被校方刪除<ref>{{Cite web|title=北大岳昕公開信遭刪 網民用區塊鏈永久封存網上|url=https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/182100/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B2%B3%E6%98%95%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%AD%E5%88%AA-%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%94%A8%E5%8D%80%E5%A1%8A%E9%8F%88%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%B0%81%E5%AD%98%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A|accessdate=2019-07-05|date=2018-04-25|last=香港01記者|work=香港01|language=zh-HK|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705011453/https://www.hk01.com/%E5%8D%B3%E6%99%82%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B/182100/%E5%8C%97%E5%A4%A7%E5%B2%B3%E6%98%95%E5%85%AC%E9%96%8B%E4%BF%A1%E9%81%AD%E5%88%AA-%E7%B6%B2%E6%B0%91%E7%94%A8%E5%8D%80%E5%A1%8A%E9%8F%88%E6%B0%B8%E4%B9%85%E5%B0%81%E5%AD%98%E7%B6%B2%E4%B8%8A|dead-url=no}}</ref>。

2019年6月，部分香港警察的個人資料被示威者上載到以太坊的交易記錄，令有關當局難以追查上載者身分及刪除資料。<ref>{{Cite web|title=疑似警員資料被上載至虛擬貨幣 Ethereum 區塊鏈難以追查及刪除|url=https://unwire.hk/2019/07/04/ethereum-backup/fun-tech/|accessdate=2019-07-05|date=2019-07-04|work=香港 UNWIRE.HK 玩生活．樂科技|language=zh-TW|archive-date=2019-07-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190705011443/https://unwire.hk/2019/07/04/ethereum-backup/fun-tech/|dead-url=no}}</ref><ref name="tx-hash-1">{{Cite web |url=https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9f46760404dd3075533e8360fe4beb0ba7210423af1f4a95a5c80defffe824b5 |title=etherscan.io上的交易紀錄，input data欄位選擇View input As -> utf-8 |access-date=2021-03-18 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084303/https://etherscan.io/tx/0x9f46760404dd3075533e8360fe4beb0ba7210423af1f4a95a5c80defffe824b5 |dead-url=no }}</ref> <ref name="tx-hash-2">{{Cite web |url=https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd6be598f1da137f579585db8241df085d010dd4f5a5f3cae99fb32753be72209 |title=etherscan.io上的交易紀錄，input data欄位選擇View input As -> utf-8 |access-date=2021-03-18 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084302/https://etherscan.io/tx/0xd6be598f1da137f579585db8241df085d010dd4f5a5f3cae99fb32753be72209 |dead-url=no }}</ref><ref name="tx-hash-3">{{Cite web |url=https://etherscan.io/tx/0xe27a853c2d2ac0599439f78536d8062f75bd9c3b5a699c41be27540fcd255485 |title=etherscan.io上的交易紀錄，input data欄位選擇View input As -> utf-8 |access-date=2021-03-18 |archive-date=2022-09-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220915084303/https://etherscan.io/tx/0xe27a853c2d2ac0599439f78536d8062f75bd9c3b5a699c41be27540fcd255485 |dead-url=no }}</ref>。

== 参考资料 ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==参见==
*[[加密电子货币列表]]
== 外部链接 ==
* {{Official website|https://ethereum.org/zh/}}
* [http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf 以太坊黄皮书] {{Wayback|url=http://gavwood.com/paper.pdf |date=20150218081301 }}{{英文}} - 加文·伍德
* [https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5B%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%5D-%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%9D%8A%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%A6 以太坊白皮书] {{Wayback|url=https://github.com/ethereum/wiki/wiki/%5B%E4%B8%AD%E6%96%87%5D-%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA%E5%9D%8A%E7%99%BD%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%A6 |date=20170507170701 }}{{中文}}

{{Cryptocurrencies}}

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